@imЏГ6ŽyкdDF&!@ +a&ŒŠM(-1В,уВz-(<TYУ‚-d(‘7м'Й"р<,Nї,'.PŠ#1U,†{,Ёs3В.хњ -(@ '0)h$‘<W1Е,ц_q[Z3.EЕјКЫ)s$œ’+oФ'Р"чЅ№4 /= С•'l "“ ЦУЇ*Е %п ’‰Ќ* %. аеЛ-S (€ Cы 1Ј ,й bП.Ј 0 +5 ]Jg3` .“ ] эБ2С -ѓ §=JН% %E ЃGћ&j & )ъ &Ж &м ї&  D:\Development\REF\Data Files\TCAS.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\TCAS.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\Semaphore.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\Semaphore.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\Runway Markings.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\Runway Markings.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\NotamQcodes.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\NotamQcodes.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\Nav General.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\Nav General.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\Morse.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\Morse.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\Met Theory.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\Met Theory.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\Met Definitions.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\Met Definitions.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\Met Abbreviations.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\Met Abbreviations.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\Marshalling.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\Marshalling.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\Gnd2Air.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\Gnd2Air.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\Gen Definitions.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\Gen Definitions.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\Gen Abbreviations.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\Gen Abbreviations.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\Formula.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\Formula.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\FAR91.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\FAR91.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\Emergency Response.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\Emergency Response.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\CPDLC.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\CPDLC.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\Beaufort.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\Beaufort.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\Airports.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\Airports.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\AC V Speeds.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\AC V Speeds.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\AC Radio & Inst.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\AC Radio & Inst.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\AC Performance.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\AC Performance.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\AC Aircraft Terms.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\AC Aircraft Terms.hlpD:\Development\REF\Data Files\AC Abbreviations.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\AC Abbreviations.hlpD:\Development\REF\Build\SmartREF.hlpC:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\SmartREF.hlpD:\Development\REF\Build\Smart_REF.aif!:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\Smart_REF.aifD:\Development\REF\Build\Smart_REF.app!:\System\Apps\Smart_REF\Smart_REF.appSmart_REFPm†ўЁU˜CЈƒž @ @†"Data.app @ AA volume of three-dimensional airspace surrounding a TCAS equipped aircraft that varies in size based upon the closure rate of an intruder aircraft with the TCAS equipped aircraft. TCAS is designed to provide Resolution Advisories to avoid other aircraft that might enter this airspace. 0BA type of Secondary Surveillance Radar transmission that permits direct interrogation of the transponder from the ground or from the air. Each Mode S transponder equipped aircraft has a unique ICAO Iternational Civil Aviation Organisation) registered address by which the transponder may be selectively interrogated. The mode also supports limited two-way data communication between the 1 aircraft and the interrogating station.Mode S is the means through which one TCAS equipped aircraft Coordinates avoidance strategies with another TCAS equipped aircraft. space. CA type of ATCRBS transmission that returns the selected aircraft identity code (the '4096' Code) when interrogated. Mode A responses contain no altitude information. Therefore no TCAS system operates in Mode A since it is not possible to determine a Resolution Advisory from only a Mode A reply. Use of the term 'Mode A' to mean a transponder reply with 'no altitude data' is common but it can be misleading in a narrowtechnical sense. Transponders with the capability to turn altitude reporting off do not revert to only Mode A operation. Rather they continue to provide Mode C responses but with no altitude data.When operating in this manner the transponder continues to provide both Mode A replies (the selected '4096' code) and Mode C replies with no altitude data. (See Mode C ) mGA type of ATCRBS transmission that has the capability of replying with aircraft altitude when interrogated. Mode C replies without altitude information are possible when the altitude encoding system actions is disabled or is absent. A Mode C reply does not contain the aircraft identity ode ('4096 code) only the altitude data is transmitted. Use of the term 'Mode C' to mean a transponder reply with altitude data' is common but it can be misleading in a narrow technical sense. Transponders with the capability to turn altitude reporting off do not cease responding to Mode C interrogations. Rather they continue to provide Mode C responses but with no altitude data.Typical ATC radars will alternately request Mode C and Mode A replies in order to obtain both the identity code and the altitude.TCAS requests only Mode C replies because the Mode A reply contains no useful additional data for calculating TA's and RA's. The range of an aircraft is calculated by the time of arrival of the interrogation reply. The calculated range is the straight-line distance to the aircraft in 3-dimensional space. This is often referred to as 'Slant' range and is similar in nature to the distance displayed on a DME (Distance Measuring Equipment) display. When Mode C altitude information is received the displayed range is corrected to provide horizontal range on the display. Therefore the display of traffic without altitude data may be deceiving. For example an aircraft without altitude data may be at a very low altitude while the TCAS aircraft is at a high Flight Level altitude. This traffic may be displayed laterally when in fact it is almost directly below the TCAS aircraft.TCAS is able to compute the altitude difference between itself and an intruder using the altitude information contained in the Mode CI reply. This results in a more accurate display of intruder aircraft altitude and range. KAAny transponder replying aircraft within the horizontal range capability of the display and within ё1200 feet vertically of the TCAS aircraft is displayed as Proximate Traffic. This traffic is displayed in conjunction with a TA or an RA when the TRAFFIC switch is set to AUTO or at all times when the TRAFFIC switch is set to ON. AБe Warning AreaAn area of three-dimensional airspace that begins 15 to 35 seconds prior to the time the intruder is predicted to enter the TCAS aircraft's Collision Area.  Weakening AdvisoryФThe 'ADJUST VERTICAL SPEED /ADJUST/advisory is provided to the pilot to facilitate reduction of the clearance deviation minimize disruption of Air Traffic Control and reduce altitude excursions. [@iTable1ColA1 џColB1ColA3ColB3ColA4 2ColB4ColA5 ColB5 ;@O&€џџџфџџџON. фBAn aural message and visual display instructing the pilot on action to be taken or avoided in order to maintain or increase vertical separation relative to an intruding aircraft. These advisories are designed to occur when an intruder's predicted flight path is within 15 to 35 seconds of entering the TCAS aircraft's Collision A Resolution Advisories fall into two general categories.1. Corrective Advisory: A Resolution Advisory that instructs the pilot to achieve or maintain a specified vertical speed as indicated by a GREEN arc on the VSI/TRA.2. Preventive Advisory: A Resolution Advisory that instructs the pilot to avoid certain Vertical Speeds as indicated by the RED arc on the VSI/TRA. There is no GREEN arc on a Preventive RA. Љ@Table16Abbreviation: џ œџџџdNotes:џџџџœџџџdSource 2œџџџd CR œџџџd!@‰.12С 'ADJUST VERTICAL SPEED /ADJUST/advisory is provided to the pilot to facilitate reduction of the clearance deviation minimize disruption of Air Traffic Control and reduce altitude excursions. zBAn United States Federal Aviation Administration developed Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System designed to reduce the number of mid-air collisions. The 'II' designates a system that is capable of providing Resolution Advisories in the vertical plane.This system interrogates and receives replies from airborne radar beacon transponders computes the tracks of those aircraftdetermines if any of the tracks will pose a threat to the TCAS II Aircraft and issues Traffic Advisories and Resolution Advisories to the flightcrew. All FAA TCAS II systems are presently required to meet Change 6.04a and are upgradable to Change 7.0.FќџќЁ 901 E6D"Y AdvisorysAn aural or visual message issued by TCAS to the pilot that contains information relevant to collision avoidance.  Alert An indicator either aural or visual that quickly provides information to the flight crew about an abnormal situation. This term is synonymous with 'Advisory'.  0ATCRBS (Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System)A Secondary Surveillance Radar system having ground-based interrogators and airborne transponders designed for operation in Mode A and Mode C.  Caution AreaџA volume of airspace that begins 20 to 48 seconds before the time an intruder aircraft is predicted to enter the TCAS aircraft's Collision Area. TCAS provides Traffic Advisories to facilitate visual acquisition of other aircraft entering this airspace. Collision Area  IntruderAn aircraft equipped with an operating ICAO ATCRBS or Mode S transponder that is within the surveillance range tracked by TCAS. ModeA Mode C mMode S 0 Other TrafficСAny transponder-replying aircraft within the selected display range that is not classified as either Proximate Traffic or as an Intruder requiring a TA or an RA is displayed as Other Traffic. Proximate Traffic KResolution Advisory (RA)фTCAS IIz Traffic Advisory (TA)ўAn advisory issued to the pilot when an intruder's predicted flight paths within 20 to 48 seconds from entering the TCAS aircraft's collision Area. TCAS issues Traffic Advisories to alert the flight crew of possible threats to the safety of the flight. 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Д"Arial$#O'! ›"Arial$#OOџџџџq@iTable1ColA1 џColB1ColA3ColB3ColA5 ColB5ColA6 dColB6 Index1ColA56лK-GG JЏJƒ"€=‚ ƒ‚ ‚‚ ‚цIфG ‚€€@J , ’ш:œАІz6\€В ђpfŽ,œ/b2h5ц7їEЫ<m?УAбCt .#$%r'h)Pm†ўЁUВПКП @ @†"Data.app 0[@iTable1ColA1 џColB1ColA3ColB3ColA5 ColB5ColA6 dColB6 @‰.1 Aconsist of longitudinal stripes of uniform dimensions disposed symmetrically about the centerllne of a runway. The number of stripes shall be in accordance with the runway width as follows: RUNWAY WIDTH NUMBER OF STRIPES 18m 4 23m 6 30m 8 45m 12 60m 16АB  вкН >>-Mandatory signZ are red with white Inscriptions. They denote an entrance to a runway or critical area.1-Information signs™consist of either yellow inscriptions on a black background or black inscriptions on a yellow background. or black inscriptions on a yellow background.3-Location signsБidentify the location on the taxiway and are located wherever practical on the left hand side. At intersections of two taxiways the sign is located prior to the intersection.5-Destination signsmare located on the same side of a taxiway (left or right) as the direction to the location to be indicated.7-Runway markings are whlte.9%Threshold markings  11 @šlA(ДЉМ-Runway designation marking:consists of a two-diglt number located at the threshold.13-Runway centreline“Consists of a line of uniformly spaced stripes and gaps located along the centreline of the runway. Stripes are normally 30m long gaps 20m long.15-Touchdown zone markingBIs provided in the touchdown zone of a precision approach runway17Ќ@Table1Type: џ œџџџd.DescriptionџџџџœџџџdSort  œџџџdNote : dœџџџd*AOOOOџџџџO'! Д"Arial$#O'! ›"Arial$#OOџџџџ>€ &Њ\ ƒй‡kžPm†ўЁU’МКXеI @ @†"Data.app-ALaunch planned. . .(specify balloon flight identification or project code name launch site planned period of launch(es) - date/time expected climb direction estimated time to pass 18 000 m (60 000 ft) or reaching cruising level if at or below 18 000 m (60 000 ft) together with estimated location)@yЅу@Table1 Code œџџџd6SignificationџџџџœџџџdNUniform Abbr Phrase Fœџџџd>Area & Position 2œџџџdSort œџџџdl@iTable1ColA4 ColB4ColA5ColB5ColA6 FColB6ColA7 2ColB7ColA8 ColB8 ­xЧšєF џџк’тОШтът QцєцдИМ­LA0Approach light system (specify runway and type)apch Igt.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LBAerodrome beaconabn.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LC*Runway centreline lights (specify runway)rwy centreline Igt.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LD#Landing direction indicator lightsldi lgt.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LE#Runway edge lights (specify runway rwy edge Igt.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LF+Sequenced flashing lights (specify runway)sequenced flg Igt.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LH.High intensity runway lights (specify runway)high intsl rwy Igt.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­Ll.Runway end identifier lights (specify runway)rwy end id Igt.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LJ3Runway alignment indicator lights (specify runway)rwy alignmentindicator Igt .Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LKDCategory II components of approach lighting system (specify runway)cat II components apch Igt.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LL-Low intensity runway lights (specity runway)low intst rwy Igt.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LM0Medium intensity runway lights (specity runway)medium intst rwy Igt .Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LP:Precision approach path indicator (PAPI) (specify runway)papi.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LR%All landing area lighting facilitiesIdg area Igt fac.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LS Stopway lights (specify runway)swy Igt.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LT"Threshold lights (specify runway)thr Igt.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters F џџіІцЮтž)ЌдШкž~ˆКЈ­LVAVisual approach slope indicator system (specify type and runway)vasis.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LWHeliport lighting heliport Igt.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LX,Taxiway centreline lights (specify taxiway)twy centreline Igt.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LY&Taxiway edge lights (specify taxiway) twy edge Igt.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­LZ1" Runway touchdown zone lights (specify runway)" rwy tdz Igt.Lighting facilities (L) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­MAMovement areamcw area2Movement and landing area (M) AGA 2nd & 3rd letter­MBABearing strength (specify part of landing area or movement area)bearing strength2Movement and landing area (M) AGA 2nd & 3rd letter­MCClearway (specify runway)cwy2Movement and landing area (M) AGA 2nd & 3rd letter­MD$Declared distances (specify runway) declared dist2Movement and landing area (M) AGA 2nd & 3rd letter­MGTaxiing guidance systemtax guidance system2Movement and landing area (M) AGA 2nd & 3rd letter­MH'Runway arresting gear (specify runway) rwy arst gear2Movement and landing area (M) AGA 2nd & 3rd letter­MK Parking area prkg area2Movement and landing area (M) AGA 2nd & 3rd letter­MM&"Daylight markings (specify threshold centreline etc.)"­MNApronapron2Movement and landing area (M) AGA 2nd & 3rd letter­MPAircraft stands (specify) acft stand2Movement and landing area (M) AGA 2nd & 3rd letter­MRRunway (specify runway)rwy2Movement and landing area (M) AGA 2nd & 3rd letterЧE џџЊЎиЊЂŠоfТИоАФЖ”­MSStopway (specify runway)swy2Movement and landing area (M) AGA 2nd & 3rd letter­MTThreshold (specify runway)thr2Movement and landing area (M) AGA 2nd & 3rd letter­MU$Runway turning bay (specify runway)rwy turning bay2Movement and landing area (M) AGA 2nd & 3rd letter­MWStrip (specify runway)strip2Movement and landing area (M) AGA 2nd & 3rd letter­MXTaxiway(s) (specify)twy2Movement and landing area (M) AGA 2nd & 3rd letter­FA Aerodromead2Facilities and Services (F) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­FB4Braking action measurement equipment (specify type)ba measurement eqpt2Facilities and Services (F) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­FCCeiling measurement equipmentceiling measurement eqpt2Facilities and Services (F) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­FD"Docking system (specify AGNIS BOLDS etc.)"­FFFire fighting and rescuefire and rescue2Facilities and Services (F) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­FGGround movement control gnd mov ctl2Facilities and Services (F) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­FH$Helicopter a tighting area/platformhel alighting area2Facilities and Services (F) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­FLLanding direction indicatorIdi2Facilities and Services (F) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­FM&Meteorological service (specify type)met2Facilities and Services (F) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­FOFog dispersal system fog dispersal2Facilities and Services (F) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­FP Heliportheliport2Facilities and Services (F) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters %F џџТžЈЊŠшАШТІиiОЦиА­FSSnow removal equipmentsnow removal eqpt2Facilities and Services (F) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­FT%"Transmissometer (specify runway and where applicable designator(s) of"­FUFuel availability fuel avbl2Facilities and Services (F) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­FWWind direction indicatorwdi2Facilities and Services (F) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­FZCustomscust2Facilities and Services (F) AGA 2nd & 3rd letters ­CA4Air/ground facility (specify service and frequency)a/g fac2Communication and radar facilities (C) COM 2nd & 3­CEEn route surveillance radarrsr2Communication and radar facilities (C) COM 2nd & 3­CG(Ground controlled approach system (GCA)gca2Communication and radar facilities (C) COM 2nd & 3­CL"Selective calling system (SELCAL)selcal2Communication and radar facilities (C) COM 2nd & 3­CMSurface movement radarsmr2Communication and radar facilities (C) COM 2nd & 3­CP0Precision approach radar (PAR) (specify runway)par2Communication and radar facilities (C) COM 2nd & 3­CReSurveillance radar element of precision approach radar system (specify 2nd & 3rd letters wavelength)sre+Communication and radar facilities (C) COM ­CS#Secondary surveillance radar (SSR)ssr2Communication and radar facilities (C) COM 2nd & 3­CT'Terminal area surveillance radar (TAR)tar2Communication and radar facilities (C) COM 2nd & 3­IC0Instrument landing.system (ILS) specify runway)ils2Instrument and microwave landing systems (I) COM 2­IDDME associated with ILSils dme2Instrument and microwave landing systems (I) COM 2ДE џџТЦТШЦМРФиhjьВˆО–­IG"Glide path (ILS) (specify runway)ils gp2Instrument and microwave landing systems (I) COM 2­II$Inner marker (ILS) (specify runway)ils im2Instrument and microwave landing systems (I) COM 2­IL!Localizer (ILS) (specify runway)ils llz2Instrument and microwave landing systems (I) COM 2­IM%Middle marker (ILS)('spec/fy runway)ils mm2Instrument and microwave landing systems (I) COM 2­IO$Outer marker (ILS) (specify runway)ils om2Instrument and microwave landing systems (I) COM 2­IS ILS Category I (specify runway)ils I2Instrument and microwave landing systems (I) COM 2­IT!ILS Category II (specify runway)ils II2Instrument and microwave landing systems (I) COM 2­IU"ILS Category III (specify runway)ils III2Instrument and microwave landing systems (I) COM 2­IW0Microwave landing system (MLS) (specify runway)mls2Instrument and microwave landing systems (I) COM 2­IX "Locator outer (ILS) (specify runway)"ils lo­IY "Locator middle (ILS) (specify runway)"ils Im­NA.All radio navigation facilities (except. . .)all rdo nav fac2Terminal and en route navigation facilities (N) C­NBNon-directional radio beaconndb2Terminal and en route navigation facilities (N) C­NCDECCAdecca2Terminal and en route navigation facilities (N) C­ND#Distance measuring equipment (DME)dme2Terminal and en route navigation facilities (N) C­NF Fan markerfan mkr2Terminal and en route navigation facilities (N) C]EџџЖˆˆŒ€фоšФšДІРЎЊ­NL!Locator (specify identification)l2Terminal and en route navigation facilities (N) C­NMVOR/DMEvor/dme2Terminal and en route navigation facilities (N) C­NNTACANtacan2Terminal and en route navigation facilities (N) C­NOOMEGAomega2Terminal and en route navigation facilities (N) C­NTVORTACvortac2Terminal and en route navigation facilities (N) C­NVVORvor2Terminal and en route navigation facilities (N) C­NX7Direction finding station (specify type and frequency)df2Terminal and en route navigation facilities (N) C­AA1Minimum altitude (specify enroute/crossing/safe)mnm alt0Airspace organization (A) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters ­ACControl zone (CTR)ctr0Airspace organization (A) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters ­AD'Air defence identification zone (ADIZ)adiz0Airspace organization (A) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters ­AEControl area (CTA)cta0Airspace organization (A) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters ­AF Flight information region (FIR)fir0Airspace organization (A) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters ­AHUpper control area (UTA)uta0Airspace organization (A) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters ­ALMinimum usable flight level mnm usable fl0Airspace organization (A) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters ­ANArea navigation route rnav route0Airspace organization (A) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters ­AOOceanic controt area (OCA)oca0Airspace organization (A) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters СEџџиІЊОІ˜ЌОЌКвИМЖВД­AP3Reporting point (specify name or coded designator)rep/Airspace organization (A) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­ARATS route (specify) ats route/Airspace organization (A) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­ATTerminal control area (TMA)tma/Airspace organization (A) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­AU&Upper flight information region (UIR)uir/Airspace organization (A) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­AVUpper advisory area (UDA)uda/Airspace organization (A) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­AXIntersection (INT)int/Airspace organization (A) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­AZAerodrome traffic zone (ATZ)atz/Airspace organization (A) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­SA.Automatic terminal information service (ATIS)atis&"Air traffic and VOLMET services SB"""­SCArea control centre (ACC)acc2Air traffic and VOLMET services (S) RAC 2nd & 3rd ­SE!Flight information service (FIS)fis2Air traffic and VOLMET services (S) RAC 2nd & 3rd ­SF,Aerodrome flight information service (AFIS)afis2Air traffic and VOLMET services (S) RAC 2nd & 3rd ­SLFlow control centre flow ctlcentre2Air traffic and VOLMET services (S) RAC 2nd & 3rd ­SO"Oceanic area control centre (OAC)oac2Air traffic and VOLMET services (S) RAC 2nd & 3rd ­SPApproach control service (APP)app2Air traffic and VOLMET services (S) RAC 2nd & 3rd ­SSFlight service station (FSS)fss2Air traffic and VOLMET services (S) RAC 2nd & 3rd ­STAerodrome control tower (TWR)twr2Air traffic and VOLMET services (S) RAC 2nd & 3rd >FџџИ МђЖЄњЮЌЈТВфдž­SU Upper area control centre (UAC)uac2Air traffic and VOLMET services (S) RAC 2nd & 3rd ­SVVOLMET Broadcastvolmet2Air traffic and VOLMET services (S) RAC 2nd & 3rd ­SY!Upper advisory service (specify) advisory ser*"Air traffic and VOLMET services (S) PA"""­PD?Standard instrument departure (SID) (specify route designator)sid0Air traffic procedures (P) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­PFFlow control procedure flow ctl proc0Air traffic procedures (P) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­PHHolding procedure hldg proc0Air traffic procedures (P) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­PI8Instrument approach procedure (specify type and runway)inst apch proc0Air traffic procedures (P) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­PL-Obstacle clearance limit (specify procedure)ocl0Air traffic procedures (P) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­PMCAerodrome operating minima (specify procedure and amended minimum) opr minima0Air traffic procedures (P) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­POObstacle clearance altitudeoca0Air traffic procedures (P) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­PPObstacle clearance heightoch0Air traffic procedures (P) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­PRRadio failure procedureradio failure proc0Air traffic procedures (P) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­PTTransition altitudetransition alt0Air traffic procedures (P) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­PU+Missed approach procedure (specify runway)missed apch proc0Air traffic procedures (P) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­PX'Minimum holding altitude (specify fix) mnm hldg alt0Air traffic procedures (P) RAC 2nd & 3rd letters­PZADIZ procedure adiz proc0Air traffic procedures (P) RAC 2nd & 3rd lettersFџџицТьъЦ œакЂЌЈФЬT­RAAirspace reservation (specify)Airspace reservation2Airspace restrictions (R) Navigation Warnings 2nd ­RD1Danger area (specify national prefix and number) . . d . .2Airspace restrictions (R) Navigation Warnings 2nd ­ROOverflying of . . . (specify) overflying2Airspace restrictions (R) Navigation Warnings 2nd ­RP5Prohibited area (specify national prefix and number). . p. .2Airspace restrictions (R) Navigation Warnings 2nd ­RR5Restricted area (specify national prefix and number). r. .2Airspace restrictions (R) Navigation Warnings 2nd ­RTTemporary restricted areatempo restricted2Airspace restrictions (R) Navigation Warnings 2nd ­WA Air display air display2Warnings (W) Navigation Warnings 2nd & 3rd letter­WB Aerobatics aerobatics2Warnings (W) Navigation Warnings 2nd & 3rd letter­WCCaptive balloon or kitecaptive balloon or kite2Warnings (W) Navigation Warnings 2nd & 3rd letter­WD2Demolition of explosives demolition of explosives3Warnings (W) Navigation Warnings 2nd & 3rd letters ­WEExercises (specify)exer2Warnings (W) Navigation Warnings 2nd & 3rd letter­WFAir refuellingair refuelling2Warnings (W) Navigation Warnings 2nd & 3rd letter­WGGlider flying glider flying2Warnings (W) Navigation Warnings 2nd & 3rd letter­WJBanner/target towingbanner/target towing2Warnings (W) Navigation Warnings 2nd & 3rd letter­WLAscent of free balloonascent of free balloon2Warnings (W) Navigation Warnings 2nd & 3rd letter­WM "Missile gun or rocket firing"frngВEџџКЬЦЎЮЄІœИВœЈАЎъ”­WP!Parachute jumping exercise (PJE)pje2Warnings (W) Navigation Warnings 2nd & 3rd letter­WSBurning or blowing gasburning or blowing gas2Warnings (W) Navigation Warnings 2nd & 3rd letter­WTMass movement of aircraftmass mov of acft2Warnings (W) Navigation Warnings 2nd & 3rd letter­WVFormation flight formation flt2Warnings (W) Navigation Warnings 2nd & 3rd letter­WWSignificant volcanic activitysig volcanic act2Warnings (W) Navigation Warnings 2nd & 3rd letter­WZ Model flying model flying2Warnings (W) Navigation Warnings 2nd & 3rd letter­OAAeronautical information service ais(Other Information (O) 2nd & 3rd letters ­OBObstacle (specify details)obst(Other Information (O) 2nd & 3rd letters ­OEAircraft entry requirementsacft entry rqmnts(Other Information (O) 2nd & 3rd letters ­OL#Obstacle lights on . . . (specify)obs lgt(Other Information (O) 2nd & 3rd letters ­ORRescue co-ordination centre rcc(Other Information (O) 2nd & 3rd letters ­ACWithdrawn for maintenancewithdrawn maint$Availability (A) 4th & 5th letters ­AD!Available for daylight operation avbl day ops$Availability (A) 4th & 5th letters ­AF"Flight checked and found reliable fltck okay$Availability (A) 4th & 5th letters ­AG8Operating but ground checked only awaiting flight checkopr awaiting fltck$Availability (A) 4th & 5th letters ­AHHours of service are nowhr ser$Availability (A) 4th & 5th letters @џџ ЎtЎŽxТ’ьdfxfЈ­AKResumed normal operationokay$Availability (A) 4th & 5th letters ­ALROperative (or reoperative) subject to previously published limitations/conditionsopr$Availability (A) 4th & 5th letters ­AMMilitary operations only mil ops only$Availability (A) 4th & 5th letters ­ANAvailable for night operationavbl night op‚Уs$Availability (A) 4th & 5th letters ­AO Operationalopr$Availability (A) 4th & 5th letters ­AP$Available prior permission requiredavbl ppr$Availability (A) 4th & 5th letters ­ARAvailable on requesavbl o/r$Availability (A) 4th & 5th letters ­ASUnserviceableu/s$Availability (A) 4th & 5th letters ­AU.Not available (specify reason if appropriate)not avbl$Availability (A) 4th & 5th letters ­AWCompletely withdrawn withdrawn$Availability (A) 4th & 5th letters ­AX3Previously promulgated shutdown has been cancelledpromulgated shutdown cnl$Availability (A) 4th & 5th letters ­CA ActivatedactChanges (C) 4th & 5th letters ­CC CompletedcmplChanges (C) 4th & 5th letters ­CD Deactivated deactivatedChanges (C) 4th & 5th letters ­CErectederectedChanges (C) 4th & 5th letters ­CF$Operating frequency(ies) changed to freq changeChanges (C) 4th & 5th letters Eџџ€hМppddž–p”оЦК­CGDowngraded to downgraded toChanges (C) 4th & 5th letters ­CHChangedchangedChanges (C) 4th & 5th letters ­Cl-Identification or radio call sign changed to ident changeChanges (C) 4th & 5th letters ­CL Realigned realignedChanges (C) 4th & 5th letters ­CM Displaced displacedChanges (C) 4th & 5th letters ­CN CancelledcnlChanges (C) 4th & 5th letters ­CO OperatingoprChanges (C) 4th & 5th letters ­CPOperating on reduced poweropr reduced pwrChanges (C) 4th & 5th letters ­CRTemporarily replaced bytempo rplcd byChanges (C) 4th & 5th letters ­CS Installed installedChanges (C) 4th & 5th letters ­CTOn test do not useon test do not useChanges (C) 4th & 5th letters ­HAMBraking action is. . . 1) Poor 2)Medium/Poor 3)Medium 4) Medium/Good 5) Goodba is(Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters ­HB>Braking coefficient is. . . (specify measurement device used)brkg coefficient is(Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters ­HC(Covered by compacted snow to a depth ofcov compacted snow depth(Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters ­HD"Covered by dry snow to a depth ofcov dry snow depth(Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters ­HECovered by water to a depth ofcov water depth(Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters A OOOOOџџџџџ OOOOOџџџџџwith estimated location)ЪEџџОЊ ˆ€цЈ‚жžЌ)–’ш­HFTotally free of snow and icefree of snow and ice'Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters­HGGrass cutting in progress grass cutting'Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters­HHHazard due to (specify) hazard due'Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters­HlCovered by icecov ice'Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th lettersЅHJ- launch plan'Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters­HKBird migration in progress'"ecify direction) bird migration inpr""*Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters"""­HLSnow clearance completed snow clr cmpl'Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters­HM Marked by marked by'Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters­HN+Covered by wet snow or slush to a depth ofcov wet snow depth'Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters­HOObscured by snowobscured by snow'Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters­HPSnow clearance in progress snow clr inpr'Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters­HQUOperation-cancelled. . .(specify balloon flight Idantification or project code name)opr cnl'Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters­HRStanding waterstanding water'Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters­HSSanding in progresssanding'Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters­HT'Approach according to signal area onlyapch according signal area only'Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters­HUT"Launch in progress. . .(specify balloon flight identification or project code name launch site date/time of launch(es)aEџџŽ†АМжАиhlژЖЬœ Ф­HVWork completed work cmpl(Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters ­HWWork in progresswip(Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters ­HXConcentration of birdsbird concentration(Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters ­HY!Snow banks exist specify height)snow banks hgt(Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters ­HZ"Covered by frozen ruts and ridgescov frozen ruts and ridges(Hazard Conditions (H) 4th & 5th letters ­LA$Operating on auxiliary power supply opr aux pwr"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­LB$Reserved for aircraft based thereinreserved for acft based therein"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­LCClosedclsd"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­LDUnsafeunsafe"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­LE)Operating without auxiliary power supplyopr without aux pwr"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­LFInterference frominterference from"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­LG!Operating without identificationopr without ident"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­LH(Unserviceable for aircraft heavier thanu/s acft heavier than"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­LlClosed to IFR operations clsd ifr ops"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­LKOperating as a fixed light opr as f lgt"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­LL%Useable for length of. .and width ofuseable length/width"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters @yЅNCџЎˆц–|œТС­LNClosed to all night operationsclsed night ops"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­LPProhibited to prohibited to"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­LR,Aircraft restricted to runways and taxiwaysacft restricted to rwy and twy"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­LSSubject to interruption subj intrp"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­LT Limited to limited to"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­LVClosed to VFR operations clsd vfr ops"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­LWWill take placewill take place"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­LX%Operating but caution advised due toopr but caution due"Limitations (L) 4th & 5th letters ­XXcWhere 4th and 5th letter code does not cover the situation use XX and supplement by plain language)(plain language following the NOTAM Code)Other (XX) 4th & 5th letters ;@O&€џџџфџџџ!@‰.12„€>ЩI ‹XYHП оЇЮ„!у&І,ц2ь8 >„CПI‹OўTNXPm†ўЁUŽhЉ @ @†"Data.app@‰.1AThe plane of the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. The Earth's axis is inclined to this plane at an angle of 66.5А. The Equator is angled at 23.5А to this plane The Equator is angled at 23.5А to This plane and this angle is called the Obliquity of the Ecliptic.ЇAA Great Circle is a circle drawn on the surface of a sphere whose radius and centre are those of the sphere itself. The shortest distance between two points on a sphere is the shorter arc of a Great Circle drawn between the two points. A Great Circle cuts all meridians at a different angle. On a Mercator chart a Great Circle is a curve, convex to the nearest Pole. On a Lamberts chart a Great Circle is a straight line.AThe Earth's Moon orbits in an anti-clockwise direction about the Earth. Its orbit is elliptical, the closest position is called Perigee, and the furthest position Apogee. The Moon's sidereal period is 27 days 7hrs 43 min (+- 3min). The Moon's synodic period is +- 29,5 days.šAA line drawn so that it crosses meridians of longitude at a constant angle, but it is not the shortest distance between two points: an aircraft flying a constant heading would be following a rhumb line course. On Lamberts charts, Rhumb lines are convex to the Equator On Mercator charts, Rhumb lines are straight lines Runways Clearway may not be greater than 50% of runway length Clearway includes Stopway AFrom 0А -179А magnetic track, ODD levels From 180А - 359А magnetic track, EVEN levels The last VFR level is FL195 as all levels at & above FL200 are IFR. There is a transition to 2000' spacing starting at FL280, with the exception of the gap between FL280 and FL310.2AThere are 25 World Time Zones from -12 through +0 (GMT/UTC) to +12. Each one is 15А of Longitude as measured East and West from the Prime Meridian at Greenwich in England. These use each letter of the alphabet (except 'J') Time in zone "A" is called "Alpha Time". Time in zone "A" is called "Alpha Time".eCЏ†‘ѕ^&^ Sin of Parallel of Origin'is the CCF (Chart Convergency Factor). SolsticeѕDays of the year when the Sun is overhead a Tropic at noonThe Summer Solstice is when the Sun is overhead the Tropic Of Cancer (declination 23,5А N). The Winter Solstice is when the Sun is overhead the Tropic Of Capricom (declination 23,5А S). Synodic Period“Time taken by a planet's moon to make one complete orbit of that planet relative to the planet's Sun i.e. The time interval between two new moons. TwilightђMoming Civil Twilight The interval between which the sun moves from 6А below the horizon on its way up and Sunrise. Evening Civil Twilight The interval between Sunset and the time which the sun reaches 6А below the horizon on its way down. Agonic lines join points of equal variation. Zone Time2 Zulu Time#The Zone Time label of UTC itself.ЧAParallels of Latitude Unequally spaced arcs, radius the PoleMeridians Straight lines converging to the Pole Convergency Constant Correct at the parallel of origin Scale Correct at the 2 standard parallels Expands outside the standard parallels Contracts inside the standard parallels Rhumb Lines Curves concave to the Pole Great Circles Straight Lines joining positions on the Parallels of origin Otherwise slightly concave to the parallel of originƒBрsдxQVš,І2 Convergence (Nav)VThe angle of inclination between two selected meridians measured at a given latitude. Departure (nm)+The distance along a parallel of Latitude. Distance between pointsКThe great circle distance distance between two points with coordinates (lat1,longl) and (lat2,long2) is given by: d= acos(sin(latl) x sin(lat2)+cos(lat) x cos(lat2) x cos(longl-long2))!Ecliptic or Plane of the Ecliptic  EllipseCAn egg-Iike shape. The Earth's orbit around the Sun is an ellipse. Great Circle Ї International Date Line9The meridian opposite the Prime Meridian (UTC), 180АE/W.Charts Lamberts ЧCBPoint of Projection Centre of the Reduced Earth Point of Tangency Equator Parallels of Latitude Unequally spaced parallels Meridians Equally spaced parallels Convergency Constant Constant Equator Zero Value Scale Correct at the Equator Expands as the secant of Latitude Rhumb Lines Straight Lines Great Circles Convex to the nearer Pole Meridians of longitude Half great circles, perpendicular to the equator, that extend from pole to pole. The Prime Meridian is also called the Greenwich Meridian, and it represents 0А of longitude. Meridians converge toward the Poles.гAParallels of Latitude Concentric circles, spacing increasing away from Pole Straight lines radiating from the Pole Meridians Point of Tangency North or South Pole Convergency = dLong0 Correct at the Pole Scale Correct at the Pole Expands away from the Pole Rhumb Lines Curve toward the Equator Cut successive meridians at the same angle Great Circles Straight Lines cutting successive meridians at different angles Polar Stereographic Charts are Orthomorphic. @I0иBяР251ЊH(8uCharts MercatorCMoon Nautical Mile}Originally being defined as the distance of one minute of arc of latitude at 45А, the standard length is now 6080' or 1852m. Parallels of LatitudesImaginary circles drawn around the Earth starting from the equator and reducing in circumference toward the poles. PerihelionHThe point where the Earth is closest to the Sun. Occurs on January 4th.Charts Polar Stereographicг Rhumb LinešSemi Circular Rule  Sidereal DayЮThe time taken for the vemal equinox to make two successive upper meridian transits. Relates to the time taken for a planet to complete a revolution of 360А. The Earth's sidereal day is 23hrs 56min 04 sec.BEAgonic lin>Charts LamрCharts MerцCharts Pol5Convergenc6Departure 7Distance b8Ecliptic o9Ellipse<Great Circ=InternatioсMoonтNautical MуParallels хPerihelionчRhumb LineюSemi CircuяSidereal D@Sin of ParASolsticeBSynodic PeCTwilightGZone TimeHZulu Time@А0А00ЁШP’ггQPCHS•VC@Table1"Subject: џ œџџџdNotes:џџџџœџџџdSource 2œџџџdє@OOOџџџO'! 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Also called a 'high' or 'high pressure cell'. Anticyclonic winds blow anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and flow outwards from the anticyclone.—AAlso called a depression, low or low pressure. An area in the atmosphere in which the pressures are lower than those of the surrounding region at the same level. Represented on a synoptic chart by an enclosed system of isobars at a specified altitude level (or a closed system of contours at a specified pressure level). In the Southern hemisphere cyclonic winds blow clockwise and flow towards the centre.kAForm only in moist air in ocean regions where form only in moist air in ocean regions where surface water temperature exceeds 26 АC in latitudes 5А - 20А S. They usually occur fron December to April (DJFMA). A tropical cyclone must have sustained windspeeds exceeding 33 knots. If the windspeeds are less than 33 knots it is classified as a tropical depression.GAThe temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled at constant pressure and constant water-vapour content in order for saturation to occur. Less moist air has a lower dew point. Further cooling would result in condensation such as mist, dew or fog. When this temperature is below O АC, it is called the frost point.BAreas of mid-latitude (30А N or S). The large amount of solar radiation that the earth receives in this area causes intense heating of the land and ocean. This heating results in the rising of warm, moist air; low air pressure; cloudiness; high humidity; light, variable winds; and various forms of severe weather, such as thunderstorms and squalls. Hurricanes originate in this region. The doldrums are also noted for calms, periods of absolutely no wind, or very light variable wind for extended periods of time.#FZones where two air masses of different temperature, density and humidity meet and interact. A cold front is where cold air slidesia under wamier air; a warm front is where wam air slides up and over a mass of colder air. In the Southem Hemisphere, as a cold front approaches the wind VEERS (swings clockwise), and the temperature, dew point pressure and visibility all reduce. Severe icing can occur and turbulence may be encountered. As the cold front passes, the wind BACKS (swings anti-clockwise), the temperature and pressure will stabilize, and the visibility will improve. As a warm front approaches, the temperature and dew point will rise, the pressure will fall, and visibility will reduce. The wind will BACK and strengthen, as the warm front passes, the temperature, dew point and pressure will remain steady, and the visibility will remain poor. An occluded front is the interaction of more than two differing air masses. The type of occlusion (Wann or Cold) is dependent on the temperature of the rearmost air mass. le. If the coldest air mass is at the back, it is a Cold Front Occlusion. If not, it's a Warm Front Occlusion. When flying through a front, alter heading to the LEFT, whichever way you are penetrating. Kata-fronts are stable, whereas Ana-fronts are unstable.The average speed of a warm front is l0kts, whilst a cold front moves at an average speed of 20-30 kts. The moisture content and stability of the warm air mass, as well as the slope of the front are key factors which determine the intensity of the weather at any frontal type.SBA wind shift or windspeed gradient at any level in the atmosphere. Severe wind shear is defined as any rapid change in wind direction or velocity which causes airspeed changes of >15 knots and vertical speed changes of 500fpm or more. If the wind shears from headwind to calm, there will be a sudden decrease in IAS, the aircraft will pitch down and lose altitude. This is called undershoot effect. If the wind shears from a tailwind to a headwind, or from tailwind to calm, there will be a sudden increase in IAS, the aircraft will pitch up and gain altitude. This is called overshoot effect.ABelt where trade winds converge at a high angle at the equatorial trough. Instability causes rough weather, many thunderstonns and heavy rain showers. moves north to roughly level of West African Coast in SH winter and moves south to roughly Kenyan latitudes in SH summer.šBThe ISA provides a fixed standard atmospheric model used for many purposes among which are the uniform assessment of aircraft performance and the calibration of aircraft altimeters. The model is similar to the average conditions in mid-latitudes but contains the following assumptions: Dry air is assumed throughout the atmosphereThe mean sea level pressure = 1013.25 hPaThe msl temperature = 15АC (288 K)The tropopause is at 36 090 feet (11 km) and the pressure at the tropopause = 226.3 hPaThe temperature lapse rate to 36 090 feet = 6.5АC per km or nearly 2АC per l000feetThe temperature between 36 090 and 65 600 feet (20 km) remains constant at -56.5АC.МAAir currents with quasi-horizontal axes which can be thousands of km long, hundreds of km wide and up to 10,000' in depth. Core wind velocities usually exceed 60 knots with significant horizontal and vertical shear. The two main jets are the Sub Tropical Jet at approx 30А latitude, and the Polar Jet at approx 45А to 60 А latitude. Maximum wind speeds are reachedjust below the tropopause. Jet streams are stronger in the WINTER hemisphere.AUsually forms in the evening as a result of the cooling of air in contact with upper slopes of mountains; the colder, denser air sinks rapidly down-slope. Very strong winds may result. Typical wind is the "Faku" in Alaska and the Bora in the Adriatic, The opposite of an anabatic wind.=AWhen the environmental lapse rate (ELR) is less than the saturated adiabatic lapse rate (SALR), the atmosphere is stable. When the ELR is greater than the dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR), the atmosphere is unstable. When the ELR is between the SALR and the DALR, the atmosphere is conditionally unstable. d Breeze'ASmall-scale, intense downdraft from a thunderstorm which can be as strong as 6000 fpm, and lasting sometimes as long as 15 minutes from the time it strikes the ground until it dissipates. Surface winds can be in the order of 50 knots, creating a 100-knot shear situation across the microburst. AAir moving against a range of hills or mountains which is forced upward is said to be orographically lifted. The air reaches a region of lower pressure and usually expands and cools. Orographic lifting is often the trigger for vertical development cloud formation._AAir flowing from the sea toward the land, equalising a pressure differential. A high pressure system produces the strongest sea breeze, and it is stronger by day, and although it rarely exceeds 10 knots in temperate latitudes, it can reach up to 20 knots in more tropical latitudes. It can sometimes cause sharp temperature drops, and advection fog.rBSPECIAL civil aviation weather report, issued when one or more of the below criteria are met Mean surface wind direction changes by 60А or more.Mean surface wind speed changes by 10 kts or more.Gusts have increased by 10kts or more. Horizontal visibility changes through 800m, 1500m, 3000m or 5000m.When any thunderstorm, tomado, squall, hail, sleet-, freezing rain, dust, snow, or sandstorm begins, ends or changes in intensity.When the cloudbase covering more than half the sky changes in height through 200', 500', 1000' or 1500'; When the cloud below 1500' changes from OVC/BKN to SCT or SKC. OVC/BKN to SCT or SKC.3AWhen the environmental lapse rate (ELR) is less than the saturated adiabatic lapse rate (SALR), the atmosphere is stable. When the ELR is greater than the dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR), the atmosphere is unstable. When the ELR is between the SALR and the DALR, the atmosphere is conditionally unstable.ƒAFriction from the earth's surface which slows Coriolis Force which becomes out of balance Coriolis Force which becomes out of balance with the pressure gradient force. Consequently the surface wind will blow away from the higher pressure zone. In the Southem Hemisphere the surface wind will back and increase in velocity during the day and veer and reduce in velocity during the night.с@e Cloud coverЫis designated in METAR's and TAF's as eighths or oktas as follows SKC Sky Clear 0 oktas SCT Scattered cloud cloud l-3 oktas FEW Few cloud 3-5 oktas BKN Broken clouds 5-7 oktas OVC Overcast 8 oktasTC˜ =M… DensityљThe density of a column of air is greatest at the surface and decreases with altitude. The average density of dry air in temperate climates is about 1.225 kg/mГ at mean sea level and decreases with altitude. This figure is the ISA-defined standard. Density AltitudeМThe altitude derived from correcting the pressure altitude for temperature. An increased density altitude decreases an aircraft's performance. per lАc above ISA, add 118' to pressure alt DivergenceЦis the flow of air outwards at lower levels from a region, which is compensated for by a downward movement of air from above. Areas of divergent winds are not usually associated with precipitation. Fog›Forms when air is cooled below its dew point. Radiation Fog forms more readily under a HIGH pressure. Fog definition is when visibility is less than 1000mІC'Сџ˜%^\(Y0Х*n Gust Factor>Range of fluctuation between gusts and lulls / mean windspeed Rain Freezingcreates the worst icing conditions, occurring when the aircraft flies through supercooled rain or drizzle above the freezing level in Cu or Cb. Inversion}A departure from the normal decrease or increase with altitude of the value of an atmospheric property, usually temperature.%International Standard Atmosphere ISAš$ITCZ Intertropical Convergence Zone. Jetstreams"М Jet Standard Atmosphere.{Similar to ISA, but with a constant atmospheric temperature reduction of 2Аc per 1000', disregarding the isothermal layer.Katabatic wind# Land BreezeЃThe opposite of a sea breeze. Usually occurs during the night, and is more likely to occur on clear cloudless nights when terrestrial radiation is at its maximum. Lapse Rates%= METAR/MET Actual Report. Coded aerodrome Met report.ыE.џџ(9к2(О&`4ЊД5 Microburst(' MonsoonФMost predominant in June/July in Southeast Asia and India, a flow of very moist tropical maritime air into the dominating low pressures of the continental interior results in very high rainfalls. OcclusionaWarm or Cold Front Occlusion? Depends on the temperature of the REARMOST air mass. See 'Fronts'.Orographic Lift)  RaindropzThe maximum size of a raindrop is 5.5mm, after which it will disintegrate due to air resistance at its terminal velocity. Relative humidityАThe ratio of the amount of water vapour in a parcel of air to the amount that would be present at saturation point, at the same temperature, usually expressed as a percentage. Sea Breeze*_SPECI+r Specific humidityKThe mass of water vapour per unit mass of moist air in grams per kilogram. Stability,3 Saturated adiabatic lapse rate= 1.5А / 1000' Fog SteamјFog which forms when cold air passes over a warm water surface. Evaporation of the water into the cold air occurs until the cold air becomes saturated. The excess water vapour condenses as fog. Steam fog usually occurs over rivers, dams and lakes.Surface Friction-ƒ TAFOTerminal Aerodrome Forecast, the forecast of weather expected at an aerodrome. TephigramNA thermodynamic graph plotting atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles. Fog UpslopeFog caused by the cooling of air due to expansion as it moves up a slope. A light upslope wind is necessary for its formation.JDŸнЂБ:6&а$€U Ž Cold to WarmBFlying from cold to warm. TAS and ALT increase, and RAS decrease. ConvergenceоConvergence is the inflow of air into a region at lower levels, accompanied by an upward outflowing movement of excess air at higher levels. Areas of convergent winds are associated with thunderstorms, rain, hail or snow. Coriolis ForceіThe force which acts at 90А to the direction of wind movement, being directly proportional to the velocity of the wind. In the Southern Hemisphere with your back to the Poles Coriolis force turns the wind LEFT. The force is maximum at the Poles.Cyclones (pressure) —Cyclones (storms) k Dew Point G Diabatic processUA thermodynamic process where a change occurs with the loss or the addition of heat.Doldrums Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate DALR Average is roughly 3Аc / 1000'. Wind Fohn‰The term given to the hot dry wind on the Berg Wind in South Africa, the Chinook in leeward the Rockies, and the Santa Ana in the Andes.Fronts# Fusion>The conversion from solid to liquid state, e.g. snow to rain.ь@О|Œ VaporisationPThe process of conversion of a substance from the liquid into the vapour state. Warm Front speed+Generally moves at 70% of mean wind speed. Wind Surface7increases and backs in the Southern Hemisphere by day.2AFog which forms in the lower part of a warm moist air mass moving over a colder surface (land or water). This type of fog may persist for days and cover a wide area. It occurs most frequently in coastal regions. Widespread fog forms when moist air from a warm region of the ocean moves over colder waters.aG яПЬmа.ЙЬ*щъніqi Absolute HumidityRThe mass of water vapour per unit volume of air usually measured in grams per mГ. Absolute Temperature„Absolute temperature is expressed in kelvin units (K). One degree K equals one АC . 0 in the Celsius scale is equivalent to 273 K. Adiabatic processTA thermodynamic process where a change occurs without the loss or addition of heat. Fog Advection&2 Wind AnabaticоForms mostly during the day when mountain slopes are heated more than the surrounding low lying ground causing differential heating and a local low pressure area. . Average speed +- 10 knots. Anabatic winds blow up-slope. AnemometerYA device for measuring wind speed, usually mounted at a height of 33' above the surface. Anticyclone P Buys Ballot's LawІWhen you stand with your back to the wind in the Southem Hemisphere, the Low Pressure is to your Right. (and, note.'lo' is on the right hand side of the word Ballot) CaloriekThe unit of heat; the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water or ice by 1АC. CAVOKЏVisibility 10km or more, no middle or low cloud forecast, no cloud below 5000', no precipitation, thunderstorm, sand- or duststorm, shallow fog or drifting dust, sand or snow Ceiling|The height above ground or water of the base of the lowest level of cloud up to 20,000' covering more than half of the sky. Charles LawmThe volume of a given mass of gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. CloudдThere are four categories of cloud : Low base <8000' stratoMedium base >8000'<20000' altoHigh base>20000' cirroVertical Development (Cumuloform) cloud, extending through one or more of the above three groups. Col”A region of neutral pressure between two highs and two lows, also called a saddleback It is associated with light winds and indeterminable weather. @у–@џ}кх­ъбQe1ЬX`( Wlnd Gale Force[Defined as a wind 10m above the surface stronger than 34kts or gusting greater than 43kts. Wlnd GeostrophicцThe wind resulting from the influences of the pressure gradient force and Coriolis Force. Blows parallel to Isobars when they are straight. As the latitude decreases, for a given pressure gradient, the geostrophic wind increases. Wlnd GradientлThe same as geostrophic wind, but blowing parallel to curved isobars. The curved airflow pattem around a pressure centre results from a balance between the pressure gradient force, Coriolis Force and centrifugal force. HectopascalgOne hectopascal equals one millibar or 100 N/m2. To convert hPa to Inches of Mercury divide by 33.86. Hg Inches of mercurya unit of pressure Inches of mercury, 29.92 is ISA sea level. Unit Measurement of atmospheric pressure. To convert Хto Hectopascals (hPa), multiply by 33.86. HurricanesѓA storm is categorized as a hurricane when the sustained windspeeds are greater than 62 knots. Humcanes are common from July to November (JASON). write the months of the year like this : DJFMAMJJASON hurricanes and, remember Hurricane JASON Ice RimeЩice rough white ice, opaque with entrapped air. In the stable conditions usually associated with stratiform cloud, icing will form where the outside air temperature (OAT) is in the range 0АC to -10АC. Ice Clear or GlazeФthe larger supercooled droplets in convective cloud tend to freeze more slowly when disturbed by the aircraft; spreading back over the surface. Icing is normally most severe between -4АC and -7АC Freezing Raincreates the worst icing conditions, occurring when the aircraft flies through supercooled rain or drizzle above the freezing level in Cu or Cb. Indicated AltitudeЗIndicated.Alt increases flying from cold to warm (at constant RAS) I.Alt decreases flying from warm to cold (at constant RAS) Hot to cold, don't be bold your altimeter will overread Wet bulb temperatureOThe lowest temperature to which air can be cooled by the evaporation of water. Wind Veer Wind direction shifts clockwise Wind back$Wind direction shifts anticlockwise Wind ShearSB@@ЊDoldrumsPpMicroburstрPBqMonsoonrOcclusionsOrographicІRain FreeztRaindropuRelative hzSaturated vSea BreezewSPECIxSpecific hyStability|Surface Fr}TAF~TephigramрVaporisatiсWarm Front Wet bulb t5Wind Anaba Wind backЌWind FohnWind ShearтWind Surfa Wind VeerWlnd Gale Wlnd GeostWlnd Gradi@@@P–aUгг”PPCд‘гUC@Table1"Subject: џ œџџџdNotes:џџџџœџџџdSource 2œџџџdЭ@OOOџџџOO'! ›"Arial$#Oџџџ`@iTable1 ColA1 џColB1ColA3ColB3ColA4 2ColB4 Index1ColA1 BP0Absolute H1Absolute T2Adiabatic 6Anemometer7Anticyclon8Buys Ballo9Calorie:CAVOK;Ceiling<Charles La=Cloud,Cloud cove?Col Cold to WaЁConvergencЂCoriolis FЃCyclones (ЄCyclones (CDensityDDensity AlЇDew PointЈDiabatic pGDivergenceЊDoldrumsЋDry AdiabaKFog3Fog AdvectFreezing RЎFrontsЏFusion Gust FactoBрPЋDry AdiabaKFog3Fog Advect{Fog SteamFog UpslopFreezing RЎFrontsЏFusion Gust FactoHectopascaHg Inches HurricanesIce Clear Ice Rime Indicated ЈInternatioЇInversionЉITCZ InterЋJet StandaЊJetstreamsЌKatabatic ­Land BreezЎLapse RateЏMETARpMicroburstЌWind FohnWind Shear Wind VeerWlnd Gale Wlnd GeostWlnd Gradiђ€.J"5…< ?IЮI5Д.‡ жл”<ц €Щ!€€€€€€€€€€%iUIG€MEУџJфю3Ч(#LWИ,a3Pm†ўЁU–Кї+е‰@ @†"Data.app@‰.1 @^@  @ ^с”б“TQPC“дгUC @+@‰.1 @нXZAInformation issued by a meteorological wateh office concerning the occurence or expected occurrence of specified en-route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of low-level aircraft operations and which was not already included in the forecast issued for low-level flights in the flight information region concerned or sub-area thereof. )AAny flight by an aeroplane with two turbine power-units where the flight time at the one power-unit inoperative cruise speed (in ISA and still air conditions), from a point on the route to an adequate alternate aerodrome, is greater than the threshold time approved by the State of the Operator. cAAn area forecast ir abbreviated plain language for low-level flights for a flight information region or sub-area thereof, prepared by the meteorological office designated by the meteorological authority concerned and exchanged with meteorological offices in adjacentflight information regions, as agreed between the meteorological authorities concerned. 6hreshold time approved by the State of the Operator. €I џџ ]YХQм8qэmyž1D9 AERODROME CLIMATOLOGICAL SUMMARY_Concise summary of specified meteorologic elements at an aerodrome, based on statistical data  AERODROME CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLEvTable providing statistical data on the observed occurrence of one or more meteorological elements at an aerodrome.  AERODROME METEOROLOGICAL OFFICEtAn office, located at an aerodrome,designated to provlde meteorological service for international air navigation.  3AERONAUTICAL FIXED TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK (AFTN)ћA world-wide system of aeronautical fixed circuits provided, as part of the aeronautical fixed service, for the exchange of messages and/or digital data between aeronautical fixed stations having the same or compatible communications characteristics  #AERONAUTICAL METEOROLOGICAL STATIONnA station designated to make observations and meteorological reports for use in international air navigation  AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONWThe evaluation of one or more meteorological elements made from an aircraft in flight AIRMET INFORMATION Z AIR-REPORTA report from an aircraft in flight prepared in conformity with requirements for position, and operational and/or meteorological information.  -AREA OF COVERAGE (World Area Forecast System)‹A geographical area for which a regions area forecast centre supplies forecasts for flight departing from aerodromes in its service area.  3AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY (World Area Fonecast System)eA geographical area for which regional area forecast centre prepares significant weather forecasts.  &AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE (ADS)ѕA surveillance technique in which aircraft automatically provide, via a data link data derived from on-board navigation and position fixing systems, including aircraft identification four dimensional position and additional data as appropriate  BRIEFINGDOral commentary on existing and expected meteorotogical conditions  CONSULTATIONНDiscussion with a meteorologist or another qualified person of existing and/or expected meteorological conditions relating to flight operetions; a discussion includes answers to questions EXTENDED RANGE OPERATION ) FLIGHT DOCUMENTATIONnWritten or printed documents, including charts or forms, containing meteorological information for a flight.  FORECASTƒA statement of expected meteorlogical conditions for a specified time or period, and for a specified area or portion of airspace.  AA meteorological centre designated by regional air navlgation agreement to provide advisory information to meteorological watch offices regarding the position, forecast direction and speed of movement, central pressure and maximum surface wind of tropical cyclones. Vght information regions, as agreed between the meteorological authorities concerned. rI џџ:Љqх}Сиqюъ-ЎЎс5еGAMET AREA FORECAST c GRID POINT DATA IN DIGITAL FORMШComputer processed meteorological data for a set of regulariy spaced points on a chart, for transmission from a meteorological computer to another computer in a code form suitable for automated use.  !GRID POINT DATA IN NUMERICAL FORMxProcessed meteorological data for a set of regularly spaced points on a chart, in a code form suitable for manual use.  HUMAN FACTORS PRINCIPLESоPrinciples which apply to aeronautical design, certification, training, operations and maintenance and which seek safe interface between the human and other system components by proper consideration to human performance.  *INTERNATIONAL AIRWAYS VOLCANO WATCH (IAVW)rInternational arrangements -for monitoring and providing warnings to aircraft of volcanic ash in the atmosphere.  METEOROLOGICAL AUTHORITY•The authority providing or arranging for the provision of meteorological service for international air navigation on behalf of a Contracting State.  METEOROLOGICAL BULLETINRA text comprising meteorological information preceded by an appropriate heading.  METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATIONMeteorological report, analysis, forecast and any other statement relating to existing or expected meteorological conditions.  METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE_An office designated to provide meteorological service for inter- or national air navigation.  METEOROLOGICAL REPORT]A statement of observed meteorological conditions related to a specified time and location.  METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITEpAn artificial Earth satellite making meteorological observations and transmitting these observations to Earth.  NEPHANALYSISHThe graphical depiction of analysed cloud data on a geographical map.  OBSERVATION (Meteorological)8The evaluation of one or more meteorological elements.  PROGNOSTIC CHARTЅA forecast of a specified meteorological element(s) for a specified time or period and a specified surface or portion of airspace, depicted graphically on a chart.  !REGIONAL AIR NAVIGATION AGREEMENTiAgreement approved by the Council of ICAO normally on the advice of a regional air navigation meeting.  $REGIONAL AREA FORECAST CENTRE (RAFC)ЮA meteorological centre designated to prepare and supply area forecasts for flights departing from aerodromes within its service area and to supply grid data in digital form for up to worid-wide coverage. @Table1"Subject: џ œџџџdNotes:џџџџœџџџdSource 2œџџџd`@iTable1 ColA1 џColB1ColA3ColB3ColA4 2ColB4 Index1ColA1 nd of tropical cyclones. ЄAA meteorological centre designated by regional air navigation agreement to provide advisory information to meteorological wateh offices, area control centres, flight information centres, world area forecast centres, relevant regional area forecast centres and intemational OPMET data banks regarding the lateral and vertical extent and forecast movement of volcanic ash in the atmosphere following volcanic eruptions. FIџї%Y5bрZ•Mн „yС• )SERVICE AREA (Worid Area Forecast System)A geographical area within which a regional area forecast centre is responsible for supplying area forecasts to meteorological authorities and other users.  SIGMET INFORMATIONСInformation issued by a meteorological watch office concerning the occurance or expected occurrence of specified en-route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of aircraft operations.  STANDARD ISOBARIC SURFACEqAn isobaric surface used on a world-wide basis for representing and analysing the conditions in the atmosphere.  TROPICAL CYCLONEВGeneric term for a non frontal synoptic-scale cyclone originating over tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized convection and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation. 'TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVISORY CENTRE (TCAC)  UPPER-AIR CHART^A meteorological chart relating to a specified upper-air surface or layer of the atmosphere. #VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY CENTRE (VAAC)Є VOLMET BROADCAST’Routine broadcast containing, as appropriate, current aerodrome weather reports, aerodrome forecasts and SIGMET messages for aircraft in flight.  $VOLMET DATA LINK SERVICE (D-VOLMET) lProvision of current aerodrome weather reports, aerodrome forecasts and SIGMET messages through data link.  !WORLD AREA FORECAST CENTRE (WAFC)“A meteorological centre designated to prepare and supply upper-air forecasts in digital form on a global basis to regional area forecast centres.  !WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM (WAFS)ŸA world-wide system by which world and regional area forecast centres provide aeronautical meteorological en-route forecasts in uniform standardized formats.  %ISA International Standard Atmosphere!5 degrees C at Sea level Severe Windshear‹A rapid change in wind direction or velocity causing airspeed changes greater than 15 knots or vertical speed changes greater than 500 fpm Windshear AlertоTerm used by ATC to indicate that a windshear condition has been detected. If the wwindshear (vector difference) reaches 30 knots or greater, ATC will issue a microburst alert whether convective activity is present or not Microburst AlertвTerm used by ATC to indicate that a microburst condition has been detected. 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SCstratocumulus  SCT (3-4 oktas) Scattered SCTRSector  SE Southeast  SELYSoutheasterly  SFstratus fractus  SFC Surface  SHShower  SHFTShift  SHFTG Shifting  SHLV Shallow ­AjњSketchєє  ш(ќ@ќ@џ@Рџџ?Рџ@Рџџќџ@Рџџџџ@РџРџџ@Рџќџџ@Рџџџџ@Р№џџџ@Рќџџџ@Рќџџџ@РРџџџ@Рџџџџ@Рџ№џќ@Рџ?Р?ќ@Рџџ ќ@Рџџќ@Рџџџќ@Рџџ?ќ@Рџџќ@Рџџќ@Рџџџџџ@Рџџџџџ@шш}&Paint.app}‰F*D  QQњеA’ЪYSketchєєH (џРџџџ3@Рџџџ3@џџџџ3@Уџџџџ3@Уџџџџ3@Уџџџџ3@№џџџџ3@№џРџџ3@№ќџ3@№№џ3@№РџРџ3@0№џџ3@ќџџ3@ќџќ3@ќџќ3@ќџќ3@?ќџќ3@?№џќ3@џРџќ3@џ0ќ3@џ<ќ3@џџР?ќ3@џџџќ3@џџџџ3@џџџУџ3@џџџУџ3@џџ№џ3@џџќџ3@џџ№џџ3@шш}&Paint.app}‰:F*D  QyЪYНAz*6Sketchєє0 ј(џџџџџџџџџџ<ќџџџџ џџџџџ?Рџџџџџ?№џџџџџ?№џџџ?ќРџџџРРџџџ?Рџџџџџџџџџџџќќџ?№Рџќџ?0№џџџџџќџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ? ќџџџќџџџ№џџџџ№џџџ?№Рџџџќџ№џџџџџџџџџУџџџџџџшш}&Paint.app}‰"F*D  Qa*6mA*eПSketchєєр Ј(џџџЯџџџџџџџџџџџџџџќџџџџџџќџџџџџ?0№џџџџџ?0№џџџџџќРџџџџџќРџџџџџџџџџџџџќџџџџРџќџџџџРџ?№џџџ?№џ?№џџ№џ?№№џџ№ќџџ№шш}&Paint.app}‰вF*D  QeПAZeSketchєє и(џџџџџџџџџџќџџџџџџ№џџџџџ?0№џџџџџќРџџџџџќџџџџџЯџџџџџРќџџџџР<№џџџ?№<№џџџ<0№Рџџџ<0№џџџќРџџџРќРќџџРџ?№џ?№џ<Рџ?№РџќРџџџРџ?№џџџ?№џ?№џџ№џ?№№џџ№ќџџ№шш}&Paint.app}‰F*D  QAemA*}ПSketchєєр  Ј( џџ№џџџ№џџџ?№џџќ№џџџџ№џџџџџџРРџџџџџџРџџџџџџРџџџџџџРџџџџџџџџџџџџР№џџџџ№?№џџќџџџ№џџџ№џџшш}&Paint.app}‰вF*D  Q}ПЅAb*Sketchєє р(РџџџџќРџџџџќРџџџџќРџџџџќРџџџџќРџџџџќРџџџџќРџџџџќРџџџџќР?№ќќР?№ќќ?№ќџ<№ќџ0№<Рџ?№№џџќџџРџџџ?ќџџџ?№ќџџџ?№ќџџџ?№ќџџџ?№ќџџџ?№ќџџшш}&Paint.app}‰ F*D  QI*ЅAb*Sketchєє р(РџџџџќРџџџџќРџџџџќРџџџџќРџџџџќРџџџџќРџџџџќРџџџџќРџџџџќР<№РќР<№Рќ<№Рџ <№Рџ<№Рџ?<№№џџќџџРџџџРџџџ<№Рџџџ<№Рџџџ<№Рџџџ<№Рџџџ<№Рџџшш}&Paint.app}‰ F*D  QI*5Aђ}kSketchєєЈ  p( џ№џџ?џџРџџќ?џџ№ќџРќџРќџРшш}&Paint.app}‰šF*D  Qй}kЕArM*Sketchєє( №(џџџѓџџџlџџџРџџџlџџ?џџџlџџџџџlџџ ќџџlџџќџџlџџ?№џџlџџРџРџџlџџРџРџџlџ?№џџџlџ?№џќџlџќџќџlџќџ?№џlџџџ?№џlџРџџџРџlџРџџџџl?№џџџџl?№џџџќlќџџџ?№lќџџџ?№lџџџџџРlџџџџџРlllРlшш}&Paint.app}‰F*D  QYM*эAЊe}Sketchєє` (( џѓџ?џџќџџЯџ?џ?џџџЯџ?џ?џџџ?џ?џЯџџџ?џ?џѓџџџџќ?џѓџџџџѓ?џќџџџџѓ?џќџџџџЯ??џџџџџЯ?Яџџџџџ??Яџџџџџ№џџџџРџџџ?Рџџџ?№џџџџџќџџџџџќџџќџџџџџќџџРџџџ?№џџРџџџ?№џ?№џџџџРџќџџџџРџќџџџџџџџџџџџџќџќРџџ№џќ№№№џџџ№џџџџџџќџџџџџџџџџџшш}&Paint.app}‰RF*D  Q‘e}EAГSketchєєИ  €(џќџ?№џРџџќќ№РРРРУ?№УџќУџџџУџџџУџџџ№џџџ№џџ№џџќџџРџ?Рџќџшш}&Paint.app}‰ЊF*D  QщГпA'ёџL@HLNJDVRD0J6 ZULU(Z)Coordinated Universal Tlme Symbol ­ ThunderstormSymbol еTropical CycloneSymbol НSevere Squall LineSymbol mModerate TurbulanceSymbol Severe TurbelenceSymbol  mMountain WavesSymbol !ЅModerate Aircraft IcingSymbol "ЅSevere Aircraft IcingSymbol #BWidespread FogSymbol $ЕHailSymbol %эVolcanic EruptionSymbol &EDrizzleAZ}Sketchєє  и( џџ0<ќУУџ? џУ№№џ?Уџѓ0ќџУ№џ0 џџУ№ќ? 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FT"Feet, Foot"  FZ Freezing ŸASџў"@N420.00Pf8$ PL Ice Pellets GRHail GSSnow Pellets or small hail UP"Unknown Precipitation (AWOS Only) BRMist (Vis > 5/8 sm ) FGFog (Vis < 5/8 sm ) FUSmoke (Vis < 6 sm) DUDust (Vis < 6 sm) SASand (Vis < 6 sm) HZHaze (Vis < 6 sm) VA#Volcanic Ash (with any visibility) PO.Dust Devils well developed dust / sand whirls SQSqualls +FCTornado or Waterspout FC Funnel CloudARПвDHL&&@ MO-IClass I Meteorology Office MO-IIClass II Meteorology Office MO-IIIClass III Meteorology Office MIShallow BCPatches PRPartial BLBlowing TSThunderstorms RARain SGSnow Granules ICIce Crystals (Viz <= 6 sm)Aџ§2 " B&( SKC (0/8ths) Sky Clear SLSlow  SLOLYSlowly  SLY Southerly  SMLSmall  SNSnow  SNRS Sunrise  SNSTSunset  SPECISpecial Weather Reports  SPRDG Spreading  SQLSquall  ST stratus  STBLStable  STGStrong  STGTN Strengthen ?Aџџ&""F ((&"B THRU Throughout  THSD Thousand  TILUntil  TRML Terminal  TROFTrough  TROWALTrough of Warm Air Aloft  TRRN Terrain  TSTM Thunderstorm TURBC Turbulence  TWDToward  UNSTBL Unstable  UPRUpper  UPSLP Upslope  UTCUniversal Coordinated Time VC Vicinity  VLYValley BBVџџ:8FLP0ŠX\\Ž4 ( DOCDepartment of commerce DODDepartment of Defense DOTDepartment of Transportation DSNTDistant FAA Federal Aviation Administration FIBA!Filed ut impractible to transmit ICIn cloud lightning FIRST=First observatio after a break in coverage at manual station FZRANO#Freezing rain sensor not available GGust ICAO'International Civil Aviation Authority L*Left with reference to runway designation LAST@Last observation before a break in coverage at a manual station LSTLocal standard Time LTG Lightning MMinus less thanBWџџN@*J:hr""&RDBl METARAviation Routine weater report MOVMoved / moving / movement MT Mountains N/ANot applicable NCDCNational Climatic Data Centre NOSNational Ocean Service NOSPECI*no SPECI reports are taken at the station OFCM2Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology OHD Overhead P Greater than PE Ice Pellets PK WND Peak wind PNO#Precipitation amount not available PRESFRPressure falling rapidly PRESRRPressure rising rapidly PWINO.Precipitation identifier sensor not availableуAYџџ\4B^2R&@\"n2 PYSpray R*Right with referece to runway designation RVRRunway Visual Range RVRNORVR system not available RWYRunway SCSL(Stratocumulus standing lenticular cloud SLPSea Level Pressure SLPNO!Sea Level Pressure not available SMStatute Miles SNICRSnow increasing rapidly TSNO'Thunderstorm information not available TWRTower V Variable VIS Visibility VISNO/visibility at secondary location not available VVVerticle visibility`@iTable1 ColA1 џColB1ColA3ColB3ColA4 2ColB4 Index1ColA1 @ @ ShiftB@PASL PGCA0PБCLRG№0'DUPлFRQРPьIMDTLY€LTL0MXDP#OCLN P3PRES0DSAWRS аP0SSPP•Symbol АuSymbol АPrTILpPVSBY`PBРP”DUCХDURGЦDVLPGЧDZШE7EЩELSWЪELYЫEMBDЬEMBEDЭENDGЮENTRTFAA“FBL/FCЯFCSTаFEW (1 to бFFFPвFG%FGUFIBAгFILGWFIRSTдFLWDеFLWGжFMзFNTиFQTйFROINкFROPAлFRQBpPvSymbol wSymbol xSymbol ySymbol zSymbol {Symbol |Symbol }Symbol ~Symbol Symbol €Symbol …Symbol †Symbol ‡Symbol ˆSymbol ‰Symbol ŠSymbol fSYS„TAFgTCUhTEMPiTEMPOjTHKkTHKFlTHNmTHNCnTHNGoTHRUpTHRUqTHSDrTILBPPESCuSCSLFSCT (3-4 oGSCTRHSEISELYŸSEVJSFKSFCюSGLSHMSHFTNSHFTGOSHLVPSKC (0/8thQSLRSLOLYvSLPwSLPNOSSLYxSMTSMLUSNySNICRVSNRSWSNSTXSPECIZSPRDG-SQ[SQL0SSB PMXGNcN/AœNCdNCDCNENELYNGTNLYNMRSeNOSNOSIGfNOSPECINRNRLYNSNSC‚NSWNTSFYNWNWLYNWSžOBS OBSC!OCLD"OCLDG#OCLN&OFSHRhOHDƒOktas'ONSHRB€мFSSнFT&FUпFZрFZLVLXFZRANOYGсGND!GRтGRADуGRDLY"GSфHGTхHIцHLTPчHNDшHRщHVY*HZяICVICZICAOъICGыICGICьIMDTLYэINCRGюINDEFяINSTBY№INTMTёINTSђIPB0P‘ASOSDATCT’ATISEAUTO“AWOS”AWOS-1 •AWOS-2 –AWOS-3 —AWOS-A 6BфBC˜BECMG™BFRšBGN›BGNGœBHNDBKN (5 to žBLчBLŸBLDG BLOЁBLZDЂBNDRYЃBR$BRЄBRFЅBRFLYІBRKSЇBTNFCGCABVV‚WƒWDLYЂWDSPRWG/SO„WKЃWKN…WLY‘WMO†WND‡WRMˆWS’WSHFTWSO‰WVŠWX‹XCPŒXTXTDGŽXTRMXTSVZULU(Z)B P:$;+3+DS.+FC1+SS<-=/1ABV2AC3ACC?ACFT MSHP4ACRS5ACSL6ACTV7AFL8AFT9AHD:ALF>ALP;ALT<AMS@AO1AAO2=APRCH>APRCHGBAPRNTCAPRX?ASASLžBLŸBLDGB`P8TLsTRMLtTROFuTROWALvTRRNщTSzTSNOwTSTMxTURBCyTWD{TWRzUNSTBL#UP{UPR|UPSLP}UTC|V+VAЁVAL~VC}VIS~VISNOVLY5VRB€VRBLVSBYŒXTXTDGŽXTRMXTSVZULU(Z)BPВCNTRГCNTRDДCONDSNCONSЕCONTGЖCONTUSOCORЗCOTRAИCSЙCSTКCUЛD-ATISМDCRGНDEGОDFUSПDISTNTРDNSСDNSLPPDOCQDODRDOTТDPУDPNGФDR2DSSDSNT'DUBPLVLLWISLWRLWRGLYR_MMDFYDMDT`METARMIуMI MIDрMO-IсMO-IIтMO-IIIšMOD›MONaMOV MOVG MPH MRNG MRTMMSTRbMTMTNSMVFRMXD@№0ЈCATЉCAVOKЊCBJCBMAMЋCCHCCKCCSLЌCFICGMCHILCHINO­CIGЎClЏCLDАCLRБCLRGВCNTRГCNTRDДCONDSNCONSЕCONTGЖCONTUSЗCOTRAИCSЙCSTКCU`РЛD-ATISМDCRGНDEGОDFUSПDISTNTBаPmPRESFRnPRESRR9PROB4PROG5PRSTG6PSG7PSN8PTCH9PTLYoPWINOpPYqRьRA:RDG4REŽRFC;RFRMG<RGN=RMNG>RPDLY?RPRT@RSGARUFBRVRrRVRsRVRNOtRWYCS)SADSAWRS B0•INCэINCRGюINDEFяINSTBY№INTMTёINTS–INTSF—INTSTђIPѓISєISLDѕISOL˜JTSTіKT[L\LASTїLCјLCLљLFTGњLGTћLIFRќLK§LLWўLNџLO™LOC]LST^LTGLTL MPH MRNG’@Table16Abbreviation: џ œџџџdNotes:џџџџœџџџdSource 2œџџџdє@OOOџџџO'! 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U:H(?"џџџџџџџРџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ33џџџџџџџџџџџџџџѓ?џџџџџџџџџџџџџџУ џџџџџџџџџџџџџџЯЯџџџџџџџџџџџџџУџџџџџџџ№џџџџџџ№?ќџџџџџџ џџџџџ?ќџ№џџџџ?Р<ќџџџџџџУџџџџџУџѓџџџџЯџџУџџџџџЬџЯџЯЬџѓџџУџџџџЯџ?џќџЬѓџџЯџЯЬќ№џџџџ№џ<џџџќџѓџџџџџЬ№ џџ?Ьџџџџџџџќќ№ќ?ѓџџџџџќ<0РУџџџџџџџЯџ<џџѓќѓџџџџџџЬџ?џџ3ќЯџџџџџџџџЬ?ќџќџЯќџџџџџџџџџџќќќ?џџџџџџџџџџџџќќќџџџџџџџџџџџџџќќќџџџџџџџџџџџџџќќќџџџџџџџџџџџџџќќќџџџџџџџџџџџџџќќќџџџџџџџџџџџџџќќќџџџџџџџџџџџџџѓ<џџџџџџџџџџџџџџѓ<џџџџџџџџџџџџџџѓ<џџџџџџџџџџџџџџѓ<џџџџџџџџџџџџџџѓ<џџџџџџџџџџџџџџќџџџџџџџџџџџџџРќџџџџџџшш}&Paint.app}‰rF*D QБю• @й–B-џ~0R4œІl‚„Јz]/Proceed under further Guidance by the Signalman Œ1]This Bay d2]Proceed to next Signalman є3] Move Ahead м4] Turn Leftа5.12Right Arm DownLeft Arm moved up & back repeatedly] Turn Rightа5.26Left arm downRight arm moved up & backward repeatedly]Stope6!Arms repeatedly crossed over head] Brakes Engageк7.1!Fingers extended then clench fist]Brakes Release7.2!Fist clenched then extend fingers]Chocks Inserted|8.12Arms down move arms from extended position inwards]Chocks Removed8.2Arms down move arms outwardsƒ6œ|7#(# ЇPя=}у й |zЗ‰[ТžЄ" ƒ6€ƒ"€ƒƒƒƒ€,€€ƒ€€ €€€!€€#€€$€€%€€&€'€()*+€./0€1€2€€3€€4€€5€Pm†ўЁUZ є;А @ @†"Data.app@‰.1@Table1No œџџџd"Message: 2œџџџd2Code Symbol:  œџџџdІ@OOOџџџOOOџџџK@iTable1 ColA5 ColB5ColA6 2ColB6ColA7 ColB7  @9,Aџ0@(0H@VRB1Require assistanceV2Require medical assistanceX3No or NegativeN4Yes or AffirmativeY5Proceeding in this direction ->6All is well (Canada only)LL7%Require food and water (Canada only)F8#Require food and oil (Canada only)L9Need Repairs (Canada only)W4€^КЋ 5ЖPm†ўЁUl/сlD @ @†"Data.app@‰.1AAirspace of defined vertical/lateral limits, assigned by ATC, for the purpose of providing air traffic segregation between the specified activities being conducted within the assigned airspace and other IFR air traffic. (See Restricted Airspace - Military Operations Area.)`@iTable1 ColA1 џColB1ColA3ColB3ColA4 2ColB4 Index1ColA1 @t €џџмAA frequency designated at an uncontrolled airport. An ATF is used to ensure all radio equipped aircraft operating within the area, normally within a 5 NM radius of the airport, are listening on a common frequency. The ATF is normally the ground station frequency. Where a ground station does not exist, a common frequency is designated. Radio call sign is that of the ground station, or where no ground station exists, a broadcast is made with the call sign Traffic Advisory. AAMA Envelopes are generalised contour lines that enclose all known reference points above a specified elevation,omitting small valleys. An AMA Envelope portrays the general layout of terrain in comparison to the detailed layout represented by terrain contour lines.rea.);AUnless otherwise specifically designated in FAR Part 93, that airspace within a horizontal radius of 5 statute miles from the geographical center of any airport at which a control tower is operating, extending from the surface up to, but not including, an altitude of 3,000 feet above the elevation of the airport.or Final VisualVBA number expressing the relative effect for an aircraft on a pavement for a specified standard subgrade category. See Pavement Classification Number. The ICAO introduced the ACN/PCN System as a method to classify pavement bearing strength for aircraft with an all-up mass of more than 12,500 lbs. (5,700 kg). The bearing strength of a pavement with an all-up mass EQUAL TO OR LESS than 12,500 lbs. (5,700 kg) shall be made available by reporting the following information: a) Maximum allowable aircraft mess; and b) Maximum allowable tire pressure. Example: 8,800 lbs. (4,000 kg)/0.5O MPa (73 psi)иAA service provided by Flight Service Stations at airports not served by a control tower. This service consists of providing information to arriving and departing aircraft concerning wind direction and speed, favored runway, altimeter setting, pertinent known traffic, pertinent known field conditions, airport taxi routes and traffic patterns, and authorized instrument approach procedures. This information is advisory in nature and does not constitute an ATC clearance.\BDesignated airspace in which ATC will, in addition to the services and separation currently applied to aircraft operating under IFR, resolve any potential conflict between an aircraft operating under IFR and an aircraft operating under VFR, as well as provide traffic advisory services and arrival sequencing to all aircraft. Each person operating an aircraft within the ARSA must maintain two-way radio communications with ATC and comply with ATC clearances and instructions. Ultra-light vehicles and parachute jump operations are not allowed in the ARSA except under the terms of an ATC authorization.AVoice modulation of aeronautical (HF) communications using high frequencies (3-30MHz) with carrier suppressed to improve reception over a greater distance and by reducing side interference and signal fading that may be encountered using the standard AM signals.-BAn aircraft radio navigation system which senses and indicates the direction to a L/MF non-directional radio beacon (NDB) ground transmitter or commercial broadcast station and radio range. Direction is indicated to the pilot as a magnetic bearing or as a relative bearing to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft depending on the type of indicator installed in the aircraft. In certain applications, such as military, ADF operations may be based on airborne and ground transmitters in the VHF/UHF frequency spectrum. (See Bearing, Non-directional Beacon.),AA Category I instrument approach is any authorized instrument approach which is conducted with a minimum height for IFR flight not less than 200 feet (60 meters) above the touchdown zone and a ninimum visibility not less than 1/2 statute mile (800m) or RVR 550 m (1800 ft). Also, see ILS Categories.SAA maneuver initiated by the pilot to align the aircraft with a runway for landing when a straight-in landing from an instrument approach is not possible or is not desirable. This maneuver is made only after ATC authorization has been obtained and the pilot has established required visual reference to the airport. (See Landing Minimums.)CBA low power, low or medium frequency (L/MF) radio beacon usually installed in conjunction with the outer or middle marker of an instrument landing system (ILS). It can be used for navigation at distances of approximately 15 miles or as authorized in the approach procedure. 1. Outer Compass Locator (LOM) - A compass locator installed in conjunction with the outer marker of an instrument landing system. (See Outer Marker.) 2. Middle Compass Locator (LMM) - A compass locator installed in conjunction with the middle marker of an instrument landing system. (See Middle Marker.)ЬAA weather advisory concerning convective weather significant to the safety of all aircraft. Convective SIGMETS are issued for tornadoes, lines of thunderstorms, embedded thunderstorms of any intensity level, areas of thunderstorms greater than or equal to VIP level 4 with an areal coverage of 4/10 (40%) or more, and hail 3/4 inch or greater. (See SIGMET, AIRMET, and Radar Weather Echo intensity levels). (Refer to Enroute Page US-6 and Meterology Section.)2ACoordinated Universal Time is being introduced in many areas and replaces Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Coordinated Universal Time is for all intents and purposes the same as Greenwich Mean Time.Coordinated Universal Time is indicated with the abbreviation UTC after the time group. (eg. 1330 UTC, 0100 UTC).AUsed by ATC when an altitude restriction at a specified fix is required. It does not prohibit the aircraft from crossing the fix at a higher altitude than specified; however, the higher altitude may not be one that will violate a succeeding altitude restriction or altitude assignment.лAUsed in an ATC clearance to authorize a pilot to conduct flight any altitude from the minimum IFR altitude up to and including the altitude specified in the clearance. The pilot may level off at any intermediate altitude within this block of airspace. Climb/descent within the block is made at the discretion of the pilot. However, once the pilot starts descent and verbally reports leaving an altitude in the block, he may not retum to that altitude without additional ATC AThe service provided by Company Dispatch personnel to monitor the progress of KAL flights enroute, the enroute and terminal weather and to propose such changes to the operation of flights that will assure their safety and promote their most economical operation. uBNo person may operate an aircraft below the prescribed minimum descent altitude or continue an approach below the decision height unless - 1. The aircraft is in a position from which a normal approach to the runway of intended landing can be made; and 2. The approach threshold of that runway, or approach lights or other marking identifiable with the approach end of that runway, are clearly visible to the pilot. If upon arrival at the missed approach point or decision height, or at any time thereafter, any of the above requirements are not met, the pilot shall immediately execute the appropriate missed approach procedure.НAAs used in the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS), any one of the 4096 selectable Mode 3/A aircraft transponder codes except those ending in zero zero; e.g., discrete codes: 0010, 1201, 2317, 7777; non-discrete codes: 0100, 1200, 7700. Non-discrete codes are normally reserved for radar facilities that are not equipped with discrete decoding capability and for other purposes such as emergencies (7700), VFR aircraft (1200), etc.GAA separate radio frequency for use in direct pilot-controller communications in air traffic control which reduces frequency congestion by controlling the number of aircraft operating on a particular frequency at one time. Discrete frequencies are normally designated for each control sector in enroute/terminal ATO facilities.#AA geographical position determined by reference to a navigational aid which provides distance and azimuth information. It is defined by a specific distance in nautical miles and a radial or course (i.e., localizer) in degrees magnetic from that aid. (See Distance Measuring Equipment, Fix.)AA fix along an established route from over which aircraft will be metered prior to entering terminal airspace. Normally, this fix should be established at a distance from the airport which will facilitate a profile descent 10,000 feet above airport elevation.ЧAFor IFR flights, the time at which it's estimated that the aircraft will arrive over that designated point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intended that an instrument approach procedure will be commenced, or, if no navigation aid is associated with the aerodrome, the time at which the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome. For VFR flights, the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome.mAAn electronic navigation facility transmitting a 75 MHz vertical fan or boneshaped radiation pattern. Fan Markers are identified by their modulation frequency and keying code, and when received by compatible airborne equipment, indicate to the pilot, both aurally and visually, that he is passing over the facility. (See Outer Marker, Middle Marker, Inner Marker.)sAThe flight path of an aircraft which is inbound to an airport on a final instrument approach course, beginning at the final approach fix or point and extending to the airport or the point where a circle-to-land maneuver or a missed approach is executed. (See Final Approach Course, Final Approach Fix, Final Approach Point, Segments of an Instrument Approach Procedure.)PA A level of constant atmospheric pressure related to a reference datum of 29.92 inches of mercury, 1013.2 hectopascals or 1013.2 millibars. Each is stated in digits that represent hundreds of feet. For example, flight level 250 represents a barometric altimeter indication of 25,000 feet; flight level 255 an indication of 25,500 feet.$AA generic term used to describe the future satellite, and terrestrial-based system of Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) and Air Traffic Management (ATM) utilizing Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), satellite communications and Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS). 6AA specific navigation fix where a flight transitions from shod-range irways) navigation to long-range (oceanic) navigation or vice Versa. A gateway may be an airways navigation facility (VOR, NOB, etc.) ora specific geographical fix on a radial of a VOR located at or near oceanic airspace entry/exit points. ,AA precision instrument approach system which normally consists of the following electronic components and visual aids: 1. Localizer (See Localizer) 2. Glide Slope (See Glide Slope) 3. Outer Marker (See Outer Marker) 4. Middle Marker (See Middle Marker) 5. Approach Lights (See Approach Chart Legend)8BIs the shortest distance between two points on the earth's surface. It is the line formed by the surface of the earth on a plane that passes thru the center of the earth, the departure point, and the destination location. . A great circle is the shortest distance between two points on the earth's surface. Due to convergence, the true course formed by a great circle route constantly changes except on precisely north-south courses and east-west courses at the equator. A straight line drawn on a Lambert Conformal Conic Projection approximates a great circle route.zBThis is an altitude derived by Jeppesen. The Grid MORA altitude provides reference point clearance within the section outlined by latitude and longitude lines. Grid MORA values clear all reference points by 1000 feet in areas where the highest reference points are 5000 feet MSL or lower. MORA values clear all reference points by 2000 feet in areas where the highest reference points are 5001 feet MSL or higher. When a Grid MORA is shown as 'Unsurveyed' it is due to incomplete or insufficient information. Grid MORA values followed by a Б denote doubtful accuracy, but are believed to provide sufficient reference point clearance.%BA radar approach system operated from the ground by air traffic control personnel transmitting instructions to the pilot by radio. The approach may be conducted with surveillance radar (ASR) only or with both surveillance and precision approach radar (PAR). Usage of the term GCA by pilots is discouraged except when referring to a GCA facility. Pilots should specifically request a PAR approach when a precision radar approach is desired or request an ASR or surveillance approach when nonprecision radar approach is desired. (See Radar Approach.)ЗAA long radius taxiway designed and provided with lighting or marking to define the path of aircraft, traveling at high speed (up to 60 knots), from the runway center to a point on the center of a taxiway. Also referred to as long radius exit or turnoff taxiway. The high speed taxiway is designed to expedite aircraft turning off the runway after landing, thus reducing runway occupancy time. (See RAPID EXIT TAXIWAY for ICAO definition.)рAA predetermined maneuver which keeps aircraft within a specified airspace while awaiting further clearance from air traffic control. Also used during ground operations to keep aircraft within a specified area or at a specified point while awaiting further clearance from air traffic control. The standard holding time is one minute at or below 14,000 feet or FL14O and 1 1/2 minutes above. The separation between 1 and 1 1/2 minutes is FL200 in some countries. (See Holding Fix.)зBStandard takeoff rules are prescribed for certain civil users. At some airports, obstructions or other factors require the establishment of nonstandard takeoff minimums, departure procedures, or both, to assist pilots in avoiding obstacles during climb to the minimum enroute altitude. When departing FR from such airports, or from any airports where there are no departure procedures, SIDs, or ATC facilities available, pilots should advise ATC of any departure limitations. Controllers may query a pilot to determine acceptable departure directions, turns, or heading after takeoff. Pilots should be familiar with the departure procedures and must assure that their aircraft can meet or exceed any specified climb gradients.ШAA marker beacon used with an (CAT II) precision approach located between the middle marker and the end of the ILS runway, transmitting a radiation pattern keyed at six dots per second and indicating to the pilot, both aurally and visually, that he is at the designated decision height (DH), normally 100 feet above the touchdown zone elevation, on the ILS CAT II approach. It also marks progress during a CAT III approach. (See Instrument Landing System.)cAA series of predetermined maneuvers for the orderly transfer of an aircraft under instrument flight conditions, from the beginning of the initial approach to a landing, or to a point from which a landing may be made visually. It is prescribed and approved for a specific airport by competent authority. (See Segments of an Instrument Approach Procedure.)!AAny alrport designated by the Contracting State in whose territory it is situated as an airport of entry and departure for international air traffic, where the formalities incident to customs, immigration, public health, animal and plant quarantine and similar procedures are carried out.AAn aerodrome specified in the flight plan to which a flight may proceed when it becomes inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended landing. Note The Airport from which a flight departs may also be an enroute or destination alternate for that flight@The minimum visibility prescribed for landing a civil aircraft while using an instrument approach procedure. The minimum applies with other liВУmitations set forth in FAR Part 91 or with other governing authorities, with respect to the Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) or Decision Height (DH) prescribed in the instrument approach procedures IAP as follows: 1. Straight-in landing minimums A statement of MDA and visibility, or DH and visibility, required for straight-in landing on a specified runway; or 2. Circling minimums - A statement of MDA and visibility required for the circle-to-land maneuver. Note: Some countries also specify a minimum ceiling requirement. Descent below the established MDA or DH is not authorized during an approach unless the aircraft is in a position from which a normal approach to the runway of intended landing can be made, and adequate visual reference to required visual cues is maintained. (See Circle-to-Land Maneuver, Decision Height, Descent Below MDA or DH, Instrument Approach Procedure, Minimum Descent Altitude, Straight-in Landing, Visibility.)?AMeasurement east or west of the Greenwich Meridian in degrees, minutes and seconds. For INS equipped aircraft in degrees, minutes and tenths of minutes. (See Coordinates.) The zero longitude reference is the prime meridian which passes through Greenwich, England; lines of longitude join at the north and south poles. АALoss of the ability to communicate by radio. Aircraft are sometimes referred to as NORDO (No Radio). Standard pilot procedures are specified in FAR Part 91. Radar controllers issue procedures Icr pilots to follow in the event 01 lost communications during a radar approach, when weather reports indicate that an aircraft will likely encounter FR weather conditions during the approach. (Refer to FAR Part 91, refer to ATC section.)ЇAThe orientation of a horizontal magnetic compass with respect to true north. Because there is a continuous small change of direction of lines of magnetic force over the surface of the earth, magnetic variation at most locations is not constant over long periods of time. Lines of equal magnetic variation (isogonic lines) are updated on charts every five years in accord with worldwide practice. (See Station Declination.)CA1 Concerning altitude/flight level, the term means to remain at the altitude/flight level specified. The phrase climb and or descend and normally precedes maintain and the altitude assignment; e.g., descend and maintain 5000. 2. Concerning other ATC instructions, the term is used in its literal sense; e.g., maintain VFR.IBThe minimum flight altitudes on the ATS routes have been determined so as to ensure at least 1000 ft (300 m) vertical clearance above the highest obstacle within 9.7 NM (18 km) on each side of the center line of the route. However, where the angular divergence of the navigational aid signal in combination with the distance between the navigational aids could result in the aircraft being more than 4.2 NM (8 km) on either side of the center line, the 9.7 NM (18 km) protection limit is increased by the extent to which the divergence is more than 4.2 NM (8 km) from the center line.)AThe lowest published altitude in effect between radio fixes on VOR airways, off-airway routes, or route segments which meets obstacle clearance requirements for the entire route segment and in the USA assures acceptable navigational signal coverage only within (25 sm) 22 nautical miles of a VOR.>BThe lowest MSL altitude at which an IFR aircraft will be vectored by a radar controller, except as otherwise authorized for radar approaches, departures and missed approaches. The altitude meets IFR obstacle clearance criteria. It may be lower than the published MEA along an airway of J-route segment. It may be utilized for radar vectoring only upon the controller's determination that an adequate radar return is being received from the aircraft being controlled. Charts depicting minimum vectoring altitudes are normally available only to the controllers not to pilots.CAThe letter or number assigned to a specific pulse spacing of radio signals transmitted or received by ground interrogator or airborne transponder components of the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS). Mode A (military Mode 3) and Mode C (altitude reporting) are used in air traffic control. (See Transponder.)иAAn L/ME radio beacon transmitting nondirectional signals whereby the pilot of an aircraft equipped with direction finding equipment can determine his bearing to or from the radio beacon and home on or track to or from the station. The NDB periodically identities itself with Morse Code. When the radio beacon is installed in conjunction with the Instrument Landing System marker, it is normally called a Compass Locator. (See Automatic Direction Finder, Compass Locator.)DAA notice containing information (not known sufficiently in advance to publicize by other means) concerning the establishment, condition or change in any component (facility, service, or procedure of, or hazard in the Airspace System) the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations.BAA general term used within ATC to describe fixes in the terminal area, other than the final approach fix. Aircraft are normally cleared to these fixes by an Air Route Traffic Control Center or an Approach Control Facility. Aircraft are normally cleared from these fixes to the final approach fix or final approach course.–AA precision instrument approach wherein the air traffic controller issues guidance instructions, for pilot compliance, based on the aircraft's postion in the relation to the final approach course (azimuth), the glide slope (elevation), and the distance (range) from the touchdown point on the runway as displayed on the controller's radar scope. (See Ground Controlled Approach, Precision Approach Radar.)tAIs a radio call sign of an advisory service provided at airports not served by a control tower. The service consists of providing information to arriving and departing aircraft concerning wind direction and speed. visibility, ceiling, temperature, altimeter setting, runway in use, lighting and navaid status. Parameter stations may relay ATC instructions and clearances.EIs a development of the Visual Approach Slope Indicator system (VASI) and uses the same principle, giving red and white visual signals for guidance in maintaining the required approach angle. Sharp transition equipment is used in which the pink sector between the red and white signal, which is a characteristic of VASI, is virtually eliminated. The essential differences between the two aids are the number and arrangement of light units and the way in which their indications are interpreted. The basic PAPI display comprises 4 units mounted in a wing bar on the left side of the runway adjacent to the touchdown point. The outermost unit is set 1/2~ lower than the required approach angle, with progressive increments of 1/3~ setting angle for each unit inboard, the fourth being set 1/2~ higher than the approach angle. The correct approach slope is indicated to a Б 10 minute tolerance by 2 red and 2 white lights. A high degree of accuracy can be achieved at the threshold since the required approach slope is defined by a channel approximately 2 meters (6 feet) in vertical extent at the threshold. PAPI Threshold Crossing Height (TCH) or Minimum Eye Height over Threshold (MEHT) as well as glide slope angle are shown in same manner as VASI. (See VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR for details.);ARadar equipment in some ATC facilities which is used to detect and display the azimuth, range, and elevation of an aircraft on the final approach course to a runway. It is used by air traffic controllers to provide the pilot with a precision approach, or to monitor certain nonradar approaches. (See PAR Approach.)ARoutes established between busier airports to increase system efficiency and capacity. They normally extend through one or more ARTCC areas and are designed to achieve balanced traffic flows among high density terminals. Preferred IFR Routes are listed in the Enroute Section.{AThat point of a procedure turn maneuver where course reversal has been completed and an aircraft is established inbound on the intermediate approach segment or final approach course. A report of procedure turn inbound is normally used by ATC as a position report tor separation purposes. (See Final Approach Course, Procedure Turn, Segments ot an Instrument Approach Procedure.)ПAAn uninterrupted descent (except where level flight is required for speed adjustment; e.g., 250 knots at 10,000 feet MSL) from cruising altitude/level to interception of a glide slope or to a minimum altitude specified for the initial or intermediate approach segment ot a nonprecision instrument approach. The profile descent normally terminates at the approach gate or where the glide slope or other appropriate minimum altitude is intercepted.AAn unmanned VHF/UHF transmitter/receiver facility which is used to expand ARTCC air/ground communications coverage and to facilitate direct contact between pilots and controllers. ROAG facilities are sometimes not equipped with emergency frequencies 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz.™HAirspace in which the flight of aircraft is prohibited or restricted. The restriction may be continuous or specified for certain times.1. Alert Area (USA) - Airspace which may contain a high volume of pilot training activities or an unusual type of aerial activity. Alert Areas are depicted on aeronautical charts for the information of nonparticipating pilots. All activities within an Alert Area are conducted in accordance with Federal Aviation Regulations and pilots of participating aircraft as well as pilots transiting the area are equally responsible for collision avoidance. 2. Caution Area - An area of defined dimensions within which the military training activities conducted, though not hazardous, are of interest to nonparticipating pilots. 3. Danger Area - A specified area within or over which there may exist activities constituting a potential danger to aircraft. 4. Military Operations Area (MOA) (USA) - An MOA is an airspace assignment of defined vertical and lateral dimensions established outside positive control areas to separate/segregate certain military activities from I FR traffic and to identify for VFR traffic where these activities are conducted. (Refer to ATC Section.) (See ATC Assigned Airspace.) 5. Prohibited Area - Designated airspace within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited. 6. Restricted Area (ICA0) - Airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain specified conditions. Restricted Area (USA) - Airspace designated under FAR Part 73 within which the flight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject to restriction. Host restricted areas are designated joint use and I FR/VFR operations in the area may be authorized by the controlling ATC facility when it is not being utilized by the using agency. Restricted areas are depicted on enroute charts. Where joint use is authorized the name of the ATC controlling facility is also shown. 7. Warning Area - Specified international airspace within which there may exist activities constituting a potential danger to aircraft. Warning areas are depicted on aeronautical charts.AA defined rectangular area, on a land airport, prepared for the landing and takeoff run of aircraft along its length. Runways are normally numbered in relation to their magnetic direction rounded off to the nearest 10 degrees. e.g., Runway 18, Runway 25. (See Parallel Runways.)§AAn instrument flight rules (IER) air traffic control arrival procedure to a runway published for pilot use in graphic and/or textual form and may be associated with a STAR. RUNWAY PROFILE DESCENTs provide routing, and may depict crossing altitudes, speed restrictions, and headings to be flown from the enroute structure to the point where the pilot will receive clearance for and execute an instrument approach procedure. A RUNWAY PROFILE DESCENT may apply to more than one runway if so stated on the chart.ХAInformation prepared by a meteorological watch office regarding the occurrence or expected occurrence of one or more of the following phenomena: 1. At subsonic cruising levels: Active thunderstorm area Tropical revolving storm Severe line squall Heavy hail Severe turbulence Severe icing Marked mountain waves Widespread sandstorm/duststorm 2. At transonic levels and supersonic cruising levels: Moderate or severe turbulence Cumulonimbus clouds Hail FAA weather advisory issued concerning weather significant to the safety of all aircraft. SIGNET advisories cover severe and extreme turbulence, severe icing, and widespread dust or sandstorms that reduce visibility to less than 3 miles. (See Convective SIGMET and AIRMET.) (Refer to Enroute Page US-5 and Meteorology section.)-AA NAVAID used for nonprecision instrument approaches. The final approach course is similar to that of an ILS localizer except that the SDF course may be offset from the runway, generally not more than 3 degrees, and the course may be wider than the localizer, resulting in a lower degree of accuracy.!AAn approach system permitting simultaneous ILS approaches to airports having parallel runways separated by at least 4,300 feet between centerlines. Integral parts of a total system are ILS, Radar, Communications, ATC procedures, and appropriate airborne equipment. (See Parallel Runways.)QAThe orientation with respect to true north of VHF transmitted signals. The orientation is originally made to agree with the magnetic variation (an uncontrollable global phenomenon) at the site. Hence station declination (fixed by man) may differ from changed magnetic variation until the station is reoriented. (See Magnetic Variation.)AIFR An instrument approach wherein final approach is begun without first having executed a procedure turn. Not necessarily completed with a straight-in landing or made to straight-in landing minimums. (See Landing Minimums, Straight-in Approach-VFR, Straight-in Landing.) AThe mean solar times of sunset and sunrise as published in the Nautical Almanac, converted to local standard time for the locality concerned. Within Alaska, the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as defined for each locality.ЅAAn instrument approach wherein the air traffic controller issues instructions, for pilot compliance, based on aircraft position in relation to the final approach course (azimuth), and the distance (range) from the end of the runway as displayed on the controller's radar scope. The controller will provide recommended altitudes on final approach if requested by the pilot. (See Airport Surveillance Radar, PAR Approach.)fAAirspace surrounding designated airports wherein ATC provides radar vectoring, sequencing and separation on a full-time basis for all IFR and participating VER aircraft. Service provided in a TRSA is called Stage III Service. The ATC Section contains an explanation of TRSA. Pilots' participation is urged but is not mandatory. (See Terminal Radar Program.)љAFour digits representing the hour and minutes from the 24 hour clock. Greenwich Mean Time is indicated by the letters GMT, coordinated Universal Time is indicated by the letters UTC. Either GMT or UTC may be indicated by the letter Z or with no letter after the time group (e.g., 1330 GMT, 1330 UTC, 1330Z or 1330) Local time is indicated by the letter LT after the time group (e.g., 1330 LT). The end and beginning of the day are shown by 2400 and 0000, respectively. UTC see Coordinated Universal Time.ъAA terminal facility that uses air/ground radio communications, visual signaling, and other devices to provide ATC services to aircraft operating in the vicinity of an airport or on the movement area. Authorizes aircraft to land or takeoff at the airport controlled by the tower or to transit the airport traffic area regardless of flight plan or weather conditions (IFR or VFR). A tower may also provide approach control services (radar or nonradar). (See Airport Traffic Area, VFR Tower.)@An airspace extending upwards from the surface of earth to a specified upper limit within which IFR flights will be informed about VFR -flights conducted in meteorological conditions less than the CРminima specified for conducting VFR flight in controlled airspace.КA1. The general term that describes the change from one phase of flight or flight condition to another; e.g., transition from enroute flight to the approach or transition from instrument flight to visual flight. 2. A published route (SID Transition) used to connect the basic SID to one of several enroute airways/jet routes; or, a published route (STAR Transition) used to connect one of several enroute airways/jet routes to the basic STAR.SAThe airspace between the transition altitude and the transition level. Aircraft descending through the transition layer will use altimeters set to local station pressure, while departing aircraft clmbing through the layer will be using standard altimeter setting (QNE) of 29.92 inches of Mercury, 1013.2 millibars, or 1013.2 hectopascals.VAThe airborne radar beacon receiver/transmitter portion of the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) which automatically receives radio signals from interrogators on the ground, and selectively replies with a specific reply pulse or pulse group only to those interrogations being received on the mode to which it is set to respond.@AUncontrolled airspace is that portion of the airspace that has not been designated as continental control area, control area, control zone, terminal control area, or transition area and within which ATC has neither the authority nor the responsibility for exercising control over air traffic. (See Controlled Airspace.)•ARules that govern the procedures for conducting flight under visual conditions. The term VFR' is also used in the United States to indicate weather conditions tbat are equal to or greater than minimum VFR requirements. In addition, it is used by pilots and controllers to indicate type of flight plan. (See Instrument Flight Rules, Instrument Meteorological Conditions, Visual Meteorological Conditions.)TAA ground-based electronic navigation aid transmitting very high frequency signals, 360 degrees in azimuth oriented from magnetic north. The VOR periodically identifies itself by Morse Code and may have an additional voice identification feature. Voice features may be used by ATC or FSS for transmitting instructions/information to pilots.BCThe following ICAO table indicates the specified range of handling speeds (IAS) for each category of aircraft to perform the manoeuvres specified. These speed ranges have been assumed for use in calculating airspace and obstacle clearance for each procedure.Cat A Vat <91 Initial App 90150 Final App 70/100 Max (Circle) 100 Max Missed App Intermediate 100 Final 110Cat B Vat 91/120 Initial App 120/180 Final App 85/130 Max (Circle) 135 Max Missed App Intermediate 130 Final 150Cat C Vat 121/140 Initial App 160/240 Final App 115/160 Max (Circle) 180 Max Missed App Intermediate 160 Final 240Cat D Vat 141/165 Initial App 185/250 Final App 130/185 Max (Circle) 205 Max Missed App Intermediate 185 Final 265Cat E Vat 166/210 Initial App 185/250 Final App 155/230 Max (Circle) 240 Max Missed App Intermediate 230 Final 275BThe height of a level, point or object measured in feet Above Ground Level (AGL) or from Mean Sea Level (MSL). (See Flight Level.)1. AGL Altitude - Altitude expressed in feet measured above ground level (QFE).2. MSL Altitude - Altitude expressed in feet measured from mean sea level (QNH).3. Indicated Altitude - The altitude as shown by an altimeter. On a pressure or barometric altimeter it is altitude as shown uncorrected for instrument error and uncompensated for variation from standard atmospheric conditions.DHThe ability, as determined by atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of distance, to see and identify prominent unlighted objects by day and prominent lighted objects by night. Visibility is reported as statute or nautical miles, hundreds of feet or meters. 1. Flight Visibility The average forward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent uniighted objects may be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects may be seen and identified by night. 2. Ground Visibility Prevailing horizontal visibility near the earth's surface as reported by an accredited observer.3. Prevailing Visibility The greatest horizontal visibility equaled or exceeded throughout at least half the horizon circle which need not necessarily be continuous. 4 Runway Visibility Value (RVV) The visibility determined for a particular runway by a transmissometer. A meter provides a continuous indication of the visibility (reported in miles or fractions of miles) for the runway. RVV is used in lieu of prevailing visibility in determining minimums for a particular runway. 5. Runway Visual Range (RVR) An instrumentally derived value, based on standard calibrations, that represents the horizontal distance a pilot will see down the runway from the approach end; it is based on the sighting of either high intensity runway lights or on the visual contrast of other targets whichever yields the greater visual range. RVR, in contrast to prevailing or runway visibility, is based on what a pilot in a moving aircraft should see looking down the runway. RVR is horizontal visual range, not slant visual range. It is based on the measurement of a transmissiometer made near the touchdown point of the instrument runway and is reported in hundreds of feet or meters. a. Touchdown RVR The RVR visibility readout values obtained from RVR equipment serving the runway touchdown zone. b. Mid-RVR The RVR readout values obtained from RVR equipment located midfield of the runway. c. Rollout RVR The RVR readout values obtained from RVR equipment located nearest the rollout end of the runway.HЉџџJYЄ^IЬlШј}Њ-!HyE% TRANSPONDERІVChart Glossary -?TVOR/TERMINAL-VERY HIGH FREQUENCY OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE STATION„very high frequency terminal omnirange station located on or near an airport and used as an approach aid. (See Navaid Classes, VOR.Chart Glossary -$TWO-WAY RADIO COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE(See Lost Communications.)Chart Glossary %UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACEЇ@Chart Glossary -UNICOMyA non-government air/ground radio communication facility which may provide airport advisory service at certain airports.Chart Glossary -UTCPUniversal Time is for all intents and purposes the same as Greenwich Mean Time.Chart Glossary - VARIATION(See Magnetic Variation.)Chart Glossary -VECTORKA heading issued to an aircraft to provide navigational guidance by radar.Chart Glossary -VERTICAL NAVIGATION (VNAV)OThat function of RNAV equipment which provides guidance in the vertical plane.Chart Glossary -VERY HIGH FREQUENCY (VHF)ГThe frequency band between 30 and 300 MHz. Portions of this band, 108 to 118 MHz, are used for certain NAVAIDs; 118 to 136 MHz are used for civil air/ground voice communications.Chart Glossary -VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)*The frequency band between 3 and 30 kHz. Chart Glossary -VFR AIRCRAFT/VFR FLIGHTaAn aircraft conducting flight in accordance with visual flight rules. (See Visual Flight Rules.)Chart Glossary -$VFR TOWER/NON-APPROACH CONTROL TOWERQAn airport traffic control tower that does not provide approach control service.Chart Glossary % VISIBILITYЈDChart Glossary -VISUAL APPROACH (FAA)іAn approach wherein an aircraft on an IFR flight plan, operating in VFR conditions under the control of an air traffic control facility and having an air traffic control authorization, may proceed to the airport of destination in VFR conditions.Chart Glossary -VISUAL APPROACH (ICAO)ЈAn approach by an IFR flight when either part or all of an instrument approach procedure is not completed and the approach is executed in visual reference to terrrain.Chart Glossary јIA visual guidance system for aircraft used to insure proper obstruction clearance and to provide a runway aiming point. It provides a fized light path to be utilized for descent guidance during approach. There are three (3) standard VASI &ystems and many non-standard systems used throughout the world. For the purpose of the approach charts in this manual, the standard 2-BAR VASI is referred to as VASI and AVASI; the 1-BAR with bisecting longitudinal lines of siz (6) lights are referred to as T-VASI (located on both sides of the runway) and AT-VASI (located on one side of the runway); the 3-BAR VASI is referred to as VASI (3-BAR); the nonstandard VASI as VASI (non-std). The VASI, AVASI, T-VASI, AND AT-VASI are for conventional sized aircraft with limited use for high cockpit aircraft. The VASI (3-BAR) system is a standard VASI or AVASI system with a second upwind or far bar added primarily for use of high cockpit aircraft; e.g., B-747, L-l011, C-SA, etc. All systems use a visual fixed glide path for descents to landing. VASI, AVASI, T-VASI, and AT-VASI systems provide one visual glide path; VASI (3-BAR) systems provide two visual glide paths.USA - VASI and AVASI systems light paths are normally set at 3.00. Most systems use two light bars referred to as near and far bars. VASI (3-BAR) systems lower light path is normally set 3.00 and the upper light path is normally set at 3.250. The lower light path uses the two light bars referred to as near and middle bars and the upper path uses light bars referred to as middle and far bars. ICAO - VASI and AVASI systems light paths are normally set between 2.50 and 3.00. Most systems use two light bars referred to as downwind and 'upwind bars. VASI (3-BAR) systems upper light path is normally set at 3.00. The lower light path uses two light bars referred to as downwind and middle and the upper light path uses light bars referred to as middle and upwind bars. T-VASI and AT-VASI systems normal descent angle is recommended to be 2.870. Descent angles are shown in the Additional Runway Information box behind the respective VASI/AVASI/VASI (non-std) entry when known to be less than 2.50 or more than 3.00; VASI (3-BAR) descent angles are shown when known to be other than upwind angle 3.250, downwind angle 3.000. T-VASI/AT-VASI descent angles when known are shown at all times. Threshold Crossing Height (TCH) or Minimum Eye Height over Threshold (MEHT) is shown when known to be less than 25 feet for VASI/AVASI/VASI (non-std) or less than 60 feet for upwind bar of 3-BAR system.AA specified route designated for channelling the flow of traffic as necessary for the provision of air traffic services.NOTE: The term ATS Route is used to mean variously, airway, advisory route, controlled or uncontrolled route, arrival or departure route, etc.оAThis is a Jeppesen derived altitude. The AMA is designed to provide reference point clearance within AMA Envelopes shown on Area Charts. It represents the upper limit of all reference points adjusted upward for vertical clearance. AMA values clear all reference points by 1000 feet in areas where the highest reference points are 5000 feet MSL or lower. AMA values clear all reference points by 2000 feet in areas where the highest reference points are 5001 feet MSL or higher.nAAn automated weather reporting system which transmits local real-time weather data directly to the pilot.AWOS-A only reports altimeter setting.AWOS-1 Reports altimeter setting, wind data and usually temperature, dewpoint and density altitude.AWOS-2 Reports same as AWOS-1 plus visibility.AWOS-3 Reports the same as AWOS-1 plus visibility and cloud/ceiling data.ГAAn approach conducted on an instrument flight rutes (IFR) flight ptan which authorizes the pilot of an aircraft under radar control to proceed visually and clear of ctouds to the airportvia visual landmarks and other information depicted on a charted visual flight 'e. This approach must be authorized and under the control of the appropriate air traffic control facility. Weather minima required are depicted on the appropriate chartDThe following information is furnished as guidance for planning/ executing an approach to an ice/snow covered runway when the listed adjective is ng used to describe the current runway braking action: Normal: Max energy stops are possible with little deterioration in certified stopping distance.Good: More braking is available than will be used in an average airline type deceleration. If a maximum energy stop were attempted, some distance in excess of certified stopping distance would be expected.Medium (Fair): Sufficient braking and cornering force is available for a well- flown approach and landing using light braking. However, over-speed or long touchdown would result in an extremely low safety factor, depending on runway length. Crosswind and tailwind components become important factors. Careful planning and good judgment are required.Poor: Very careful planning, judgment and execution are absolutely essential. While a safe approach, landing and stop can be accomplished, all other factors must be favorable. Crosswind and tailwind components become critical ctors. There is little room for error.NIL (Unreliable): Operations not recommended.qAClass II Navigation is any en route flight operation or portion of an enroute operation.which takes place outside (beyond) the designated operational service volumes (or ICAO equivalents) of ICAO standard airway navigation facilities (VOR, VOR/DME, NDB). However, Class II Navigation route flight operations over routes designated with an MEA Gap (or ICAO equivalent).@K ўџAЉЁ9vmMхайАЩх- ABEAM (ABM)rBeside: An aircraft is abeam a station when that station is 90 to the right or left of the track of the aircraft.Chart Glossary -)ACCELERATE STOP DISTANCE AVAILABLE (ASDA)nThe length of the take-off run available plus the length of the stop-way, if provided. See Declared DistancesChart Glossary -,ADEQUATE VIS REF (Adequate Visual Reference)ЦRunway markings or runway lighting that provides the pilot with adequate visual reference to continuously identity the take-off surface and maintain directional control throughout the take-off run.Chart Glossary -ADVISORY ROUTE (ADR)€A route within a flight information region along which air traffic advisory service, but not air traffic control, is available.Chart Glossary -ADVISORY SERVICEХAdvice and information provided by a facility to assist pilots in the safe conduct of flight and aircraft movement. (See Airport Advisory Service, Enroute Flight Advisory Service, Radar Advisory.)Chart Glossary -+AERODROME FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE (AFIS)аA directed traffic information and operational information service provided within an aerodrome flight information zone, to all radio equipped aircraft, to assist in the sate and efficient conduct of flight.Chart Glossary %!AERODROME TRAFFIC FREQUENCY (ATF) мChart Glossary -AERODROME TRAFFIC ZONE (ATZ)lAn airspace of detailed dimensions established around an aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic.Chart Glossary -*AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION PUBLICATION (AIP)–A publication issued by or with the authority of a nation and containing aeronautical information of a lasting character essential to air navigation.Chart Glossary -(AERONAUTICAL RADIO, INCORPORATED (ARINC)~An International radio network (Airline owned) providing air-to-ground communications available on a subscription (fee) basisChart Glossary - AGONIC LINEJA line connecting points of zero magnetic variation. (See Isogonic Line.)Chart Glossary -'AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONE (ADIZ)ќThe area of airspace over land or water, extending upward from the surface, within which the ready identification, the location, and the control of aircraft are required in the interest of national security. ADIZ locations are charted on enroute maps.Chart Glossary - AIR ROUTEChart Glossary -MINIMUMS/MINIMAіWeather condition requirements established for a particular operation or type of operation; e.g., IFR takeoff or landing, alternate airport for IFR flight plans, VER flight. (See IFR Takeoff Minimums and Departure Procedures, Landing Minimums.)Chart Glossary %MISSED APPROACHq­Chart Glossary-"MISSED APPROACH POINT (MAP) (ICAO)ЦThat point in an instrument approach procedure at or before which the prescribed missed approach procedure must be initiated in order to ensure that the minimum obstacle clearance is not infringed.Chart Glossary -!MISSED APPROACH POINT (MAP) (USA)цA point prescribed in each instrument approach procedure at which a missed approach procedure shall be executed if the required visual reference does not exist. (See Missed Approach, Segments of an Instrument Approach Procedure.) -MISSED APPROACH SEGMENT4(See Segments of an Instrument Approach Procedure.)Chart Glossary -MODE (SSR MODE) (ICAO)жThe letter or number assigned to a specific pulse spacing of the interrogation signals transmitted by an interrogator. There are 4 modes. A, B, C and D corresponding to four different interrogation pulse spacings. % MODE (USA)rC - NAUTICAL MILEMA geographical or sea mile, 1.15 statute miles, 6076.1 feet, or 1852 meters.Chart Glossary -NAVAID CLASSESVOR, VORTAC, and TACAN aids are classed according to their operational use. The three classes of NAVAIDs are T - Terminal L - Low altitude H - High altitudeChart Glossary - NIGHT (ICAO)ТThe hours between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight or such other period between sunset and sunrise as may be specified by the appropriate authority.Chart Glossary Iyћџоxљ`§В=§Цс~F- NIGHT (USA)ЃThe time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the American Air Almanac, converted to local time.Chart Glossary -NO PROCEDURE TURN (NOPT)DNo procedure turn is required nor authorized without ATC clearance.Chart Glossary %"NON DIRECTIONAL RADIO BEACON (NDB)uиChart Glossary -5NONPRECISION APPROACH PROCEDURE/NONPRECISION APPROACHЖA standard instrument approach procedure in which no electronic glide slope is provided; e.g., VOR, TACAN, NDB, LOC, ASR, LDA, or SDF approaches. (See Precision Approach Procedure.)Chart Glossary %NOTICE TO AIRMEN/NOTAMvDChart Glossary -2OBSTACLE CLEARANCE ALTITUDE (HEIGHT) OCA(H) (ICAO)ћThe lowest altitude (OCA), or alternatively the lowest height above the elevation of the relevant runway threshold or above the aerodrome elevation as applicable (OCH), used in establishing compliance with the appropriate obstacle clearance criteria.Chart Glossary-OBSTACLE CLEARANCE HEIGHT (OCH)'See Obstacle Clearance Altitude above.Chart Glossary -(OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE LIMIT (OCL) (ICAO)ЉThe height above aerodrome elevation below which the minimum prescribed vertical clearance cannot be maintained either on approach or in the event of a missed approach.Chart Glossary-OBSTRUCTION LIGHTЋA light, or one of a group of lights, usually red or white, frequently mounted on a surface structure or natural terrain to warn pilots of the presence of an obstruction.Chart Glossary -OFF-ROUTE VECTORœA vector by ATC which takes an aircraft off a previously assigned route. Altitudes assigned by ATC during such vectors provide required obstacle clearance.Chart Glossary -OFFSET PARALLEL RUNWAYS9Staggered runways having centerlines which are parallel.Chart Glossary -ORGANIZED TRACK SYSTEMЯA moveable system of oceanic tracks that traverses the North Atlantic between Europe and North America, the physical position of which is determined twice daily taking the best advantage of the winds aloft.Chart Glossary -OUTER COMPASS LOCATOR(See Compass Locator.)Chart Glossary % OUTER FIXxBChart Glossary -OUTER MARKER (OM)A marker beacon at or near the glide slope intercept altitude of an ILS approach. (See Fan Marker, Instrument Landing System.)Chart Glossary tF(For other states see Air Traffic Control Rules and Procedures) Radio control of lighting is available at selected airports to provide airborne control of lights by keying the aircraft's microphone. The control system consists of a 3-step control responsive to 7, 5, and/or 3 microphone clicks. The 3-step and 2-step lighting facilities can be altered in intensity. All lighting is illuminated for a period of 15 minutes (except for 1-step and 2-step REILs which may be turned off by keying the mike 5 or 3 times, respectively).Suggested use is to always initially key the mike 7 times; this assures that all controlled lights are turned on to the maximum available intensity. If desired, adjustment can then be made, where the capability is provided, to a lower intensity (or the REIL turned off) by keying the mike 5 and/or three times. Approved lighting systems may be activated by keying the mike as indicated below KEY MIKE-FUNCTION7 times within 5 seconds-Highest intensity available5 times within 5 seconds-Medium or lower intensity (Lower REIL or REIL-Off)3 times within 5 seconds-Lowest intensity available (Lower RElL or RElL-Off)Due to the close proximity of airports using the same frequency, radio controlled lighting receivers may be set at a low sensitivity requiring the aircraft to be relatively close to activate the system. Consequently, even when lights are on, always key mike as directed when over flying an airport of intended landing or just prior to entering the final segment of an approach. This will assure the aircraft is close enough to activate the system and a full 15 minutes lighting duration is available.@The maneuver prescribed when it is necessary to reverse direction to establish an aircraft on the intermediate approach segment or final approach course. The outbound course and distance within which the turn must be completed (or time in minutes on outbound course to beginning ot turn in some countries), and minimum altitude are specified in the procedure. (However, on approach procedures under the jurisdiction of the US FAA, the point at which the turn may be commenced, and the type and rate of turn, are left to the discretion of the pilot.) Procedure turns are schematically diagrammed as an initial 45А turn to provide heading for those who use this reversal. At locations under USA FAA jurisdiction, when the procedure turn is depicted, other types of course reversals such as the race track pattern, the tear drop turn or the 080К~260К course reversal may be used at the pilot's discretion. At all locations the лТprocedure turn or course reversals must be tlown on the same side of the flight track as portrayed and performed according to the limits specified in the profile. When a tear drop/base turn is depicted and a course reversal is required it must be flown using charted courses and performed according to the limits specified in the profile. When a holding pattern/racetrack pattern is depicted in lieu of a procedure turn and a course reversal is required, it must be flown as diagrammed and performed according to the limits specified in the profile. Descent from the minimum holding altitude to the minimum crossing altitude of the holding fix (when lower) may not commence until the aircraft is established on the inbound course.@CExisting radar systems cannot detect turbulence. However, there is a direct correlation between the degree of turbulence and other weather features associated with thunderstorms, and the radar weather echo intensity. The National Weather Service has categorized six (6) levels of radar weather echo intensity. The following list gives the weather features likely to be associated with these levels during thunderstorm weather situations:Level 1 (WEAK) Level 2 (MODERATE). Light to moderate turbulence is possible with lightning.Level 3 (STRONG). Severe turbulence possible, lightning. Level 4 (VERY STRONG). Severe turbulence likely, lightning. Level 5 (INTENSE). Severe turbulence, lightning, organized wind gusts. Hail likely.Level 6 (EXTREME). Severe turbulence, large hail, lightning, extensive wind gusts and turbulence.J†џџYRКьдЊХќUUнxЦ9-PROCEDURE/PRECISION APPROACHЇA standard instrument approach procedure in which an electronic glide slope is provided; e.g., ILS and PAR. (See Instrument Landing System. Precision Approach Radar.)Chart Glossary %PROFILE DESCENT„ПChart Glossary -PROHIBITED AREA;(See Restricted Airspace.) PULL UP- (See Missed Approach.)Chart Glossary -QFE`Height above airport elevation (or runway threshold elevation) based on local station pressure.Chart Glossary -QNETAltimeter setting 29.92 inches of mercury, 1013.2 hectopascals or 1013.2 millibars.Chart Glossary -QNH?Altitude above mean sea level based on local station pressure.Chart Glossary -RACETRACK PROCEDURE (ICAO)ФA procedure designed to enable the aircraft to reduce altitude during the initial approach segment and/or establish the aircraft inbound when the entry into a reversal procedure is not practical.Chart Glossary -RADAR ADVISORY]The provision of advice and information based on radar observations. (See Advisory Service.)Chart Glossary -RADAR APPROACHєAn instrument approach procedure which utilizes Precision Approach Radar (PAR) or Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR). (See Airport Surveillance Radar, Instrument Approach Procedure, PAR Approach, Precision Approach Radar, Surveillance Approach.)Chart Glossary - RADAR ARRIVALЕAn arriving aircraft which is being vectored to the final approach course for an instrument approach or for a visual approach to the airport. (See Radar Approach, Visual Approach.)Chart Glossary - RADAR ROUTE™A flight path or route over which an aircraft is vectored. Navigational guidance and altitude assignments are provided by ATO. (See Flight Path, Route.)Chart Glossary %#RADAR WEATHER ECHO INTENSITY LEVELS…@Chart Glossary-RADIALJA magnetic bearing extending from a VOR/VORTAC/TACAN navigation facility.Chart Glossary -RADIOа1. A device used for communication.2. Used to refer to Flight Service Stations, Aeradlo Stations and Radio Stations. 3. In some countries, Radio indicates information service, similar to the U.S.A. UNICOM.Chart Glossary-RADIO ALTIMETER/RADAR ALTIMETERAircraft equipment which makes use of the reflection of radio waves from the ground to determine the height of the aircraft above the surface.Chart Glossary -0RANDOM AREA NAVIGATION ROUTES/RANDOM RNAV ROUTESЫDirect routes, base on area navigation capability, between waypoints defined in terms of degree/distance fixes or offset from published or established routes/airways at specified distance and direction.Chart Glossary `AA defined point on the final approach course of a non-precision straight-in approach procedure from which normal descent from the MDA to the runway touchdown point may be commenced, provided the approach threshold of that runway, or approach lights, or other markings identifiable witb the approach end of that runway are clearly visible to the pilot.)BAre provided for a runway intended for use at night or for a precision approach runway intended for use by day or night. Runway edge lights shall be fixed lights showing variable white, except that: a. in the case of a displaced threshold, the lights between the beginning of the runway and the displaced threshold shall show red in the approach direction; and b. a section of the lights 600m or one-third of the runway length, whichever is the less, at the remote end of the runway from the end at which the take-off run is started, may show yellow.IŒџџнўІ”imZЉe™Œ@d-RAPID EXIT TAXIWAY (ICAO)ЫA taxiway connected to a runway at an acute angle and designed to allow landing airplanes to turn off at higher speeds than are achieved on other exit taxiways thereby minimizing runway occupancy times.Chart Glossary -REFERENCE POINT]A natural (Peak, Knoll, Hill, etc.) or man-made (Tower, Stack, Tank, Building, etc.) object.Chart Glossary REJECTED LANDING@is a go-around initiated past a published missed approach point%0REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS AIR/GROUND FACILITY (RCAG)‡Chart Glossary -&REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS OUTLET (RCO/RTR)ЁAn unmanned air/ground communications station remotely controlled, providing UHF and VHF transmit and receive capability to extend the service range of the FSS.Chart Glossary -REPORTING POINTyA geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft is reported. (See Compulsory Reporting Points.)Chart Glossary %RESTRICTED AIRSPACEˆ™Chart Glossary -REVERSAL PROCEDURE (ICAO)ОA procedure designed to enable aircraft to reverse direction during the initial approach segment of an instrument approach procedure. The sequence may include procedure turns or base turns.Chart Glossary - RHUMB LINEМA line that crosses all meridians at a constant angle. An aircraft that holds a constant true course will fly a rhumb line. A straight line drawn on a Mercator Projection is a rhumb line.Chart Glossary -RMS‘A precision approach system of Eastern Europe. System is similar to ILS, but, ILS equipped aircraft cannot use RMS without additional equipment.Chart Glossary - RNAV APPROACHЅAn instrument approach procedure which relies on aircraft area navigation equipment for navigational guidance. (See Area Navigation, Instrument Approach Procedure.)Chart Glossary -ROUTEŽA defined path, consisting of one or more courses in a horizontal plane, which aircraft traverse over the surface of the earth. (See Airway.)Chart Glossary %-ROUTE MINIMUM OFF-ROUTE ALTITUDE (Route MORA)‰ Chart Glossary- ROUTE SEGMENTЅAs used in Air Traffic Control, a part of a route that can be defined by two navigational fixes, two NAVAIDs, or a fix and a NAVAID. (See Fix, Intersection, Route.)Chart Glossary %RUNWAYŠChart Glossary %RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS (ICAO)‹)Chart GlossarygCLights used to outline the edges of runways during periods of darkness or restricted visibility conditions. The light systems are classified according to the intensity or brightness they are capable of producing: they are the High Intensity Runway Lights (HIRL), Medium Intensity Runway Lights (MIRL), and the Low Intensity Runway Lights (RL). The HIRL and MIRL systems have variable intensity controls, where the RLs normally have one intensity setting.a. The runway edge lights are white, except on instrument runways amber replaces white on the last 2,000 feet or half the runway length, whichever is less, to form a caution zone for landings. b. The lights marking the ends of the runway emit red light toward the runway to indicate the end of runway to a departing aircraft and emit green outward from the runway end to indicate the threshold to landing aircraft.eB1. Basic marking Markings on runways used for operations under visual flight rules consisting of centerline markings and runway direction numbers and, if required, letters.2. Instrument marking - Markings on runways served by nonvisual navigation aids and intended for landings under instrument weather conditions, consisting of basic marking plus threshold markings.3. All-weather (precision instrument) marking -Marking on runways served by nonvisual precision approach aids and on runways having special operational requirements, consisting of instrument markings plus landing zone markings and side strips.fE1. Initial Approach That segment of an instrument approach procedure between the initial approach fix and the intermediate approach fix or, where applicable, the final approach fix or point.2. Intermediate Approach That segment of an instrument approach procedure between either the intermediate approach fix and the final approach fix or point, or between the end of a reversal, race track or dead reckoning track procedure and the final approach fix or point, as applicable.3. Final Approach That segment of an instrument approach procedure in which alignment and descent for landing are accomplished.4. Missed Approach Procedure. The procedure to be followed if the approach cannot be continued. In principle the missed approach procedure includes three phases. a. Initial phase. The initial phase begins at the missed approach point (MAP) and ends at the point where the climb is established. b. Intermediate phase. The intermediate phase is that during which the climb is continued at stabilized speeds up to the first point where 50m (164 ft) obstacle clearance is obtained and can be maintained. c. Final phase. The final phase begins at the point where 50m (164 ft) obstacle clearance is first obtained and can be maintained. It extends to the point at which a new approach, holding or return to enroute flight is initiated. Turns may be carried out during this phase?B1. Initial Approach - The segment between the initial approach fix and the intermediate fix or the point where the aircraft is established on the intermediate course or final course.2. Intermediate Approach - The segment between the intermediate fix or point and the final approach fix.3. Final Approach - The segment between the final approach fix or point and the runway, airport or missed approach point. 4. Missed Approach - The segment between the missed approach point, or point of arrival at decision height, and the missed approach fix at the prescribed altitude.dF–џџbP`PPzY˜–ЭQfš~j1%RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS (USA)gChart Glossary%RUNWAY MARKINGSŽeChart Glossary%RUNWAY PROFILE DESCENT§Chart Glossary -RVR(See Visibility.)Chart Glossary -RVV(See Visibility.)Chart Glossary -SDF'(See Simplified Directional Facility.)Chart Glossary -,SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE—An instrument approach procedure may have as many as four separate segments depending on how the approach procedure is structured. (See Feeder Route.)Chart Glossary %3SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE (ICAO)fChart Glossary%2SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE (USA)‘?Chart Glossary-SELECTIVE CALL SYSTEM (SELCAL)ТA system used on International frequencies to improve ground-to-air communications by providing an automatic and selective method of calling aircraft from a radiotelephony aeronautical station.Chart Glossary -SIDESTEP MANEUVER№A visual maneuver accomplished by a pilot at the completion of an instrument approach to permit a straight-in landing on a parallel runway not more than 1200 feet to either side of the runway to which the instrument approach was conducted.Chart Glossary %SIGMET INFORMATION (ICAO)’ХChart Glossary %3SIGMET/SIGNIFICANT METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION (USA)“FChart Glossary %%SIMPLIFIED DIRECTIONAL FACILITY (SDF)”-Chart Glossary %SIMULTANEOUS ILS APPROACHES•!Chart Glossary -SINGLE DIRECTION ROUTESЂPreferred IFR routes which are sometimes depicted on high altitude enroute charts and which are normally flown in one direction only. (See Preferred IFR Routes.)Chart Glossary “F јjЕ1M}m†„юaH%SURVEILLANCE APPROACH (ASR)œЅChart Glossary -TACAN/TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATIONНAn ultrahigh frequency electronic rho-theta air navigation aid which provides suitably equipped aircraft a continuous indication of bearing and distance to the TACAN station. (See VORTAC.)Chart Glossary -"TAKE-OFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE (TODA)WThe length of the take-off run available plus the length of the clearway, if provided.Chart Glossary -TAKE-OFF RUN AVAILABLE (TORA)cThe length of runway declared available and suitable for the ground run of an airplane taking off.Chart Glossary -TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICE FEEnA special service at certaln Canadian stations. Rates can be obtained from the Ministry of Transport, Canada.Chart Glossary - TERMINAL AREA{A general term used to describe airspace in which approach control service or airport traffic control service is provided.Chart Glossary -TERMINAL CONTROL AREA(see Controlled Airspace.)Chart Glossary %(TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREA (TRSA) (USA)žfChart Glossary - TETRAHEDRONЉA device located on the airport which is used as a landing direction indicator. The small end of a tetrahedron points in the direction of landing and/or wind direction.Chart Glossary - THRESHOLD[The beginning of that portion of the runway usable for landing. (See Displaced Threshold.)Chart Glossary -THRESHOLD CROSSING HEIGHT (TCH)чThe theoretical height above the runway threshold at which the aircraft's glide slope antenna would be if the aircraft maintains the trajectory established by the mean ILS glide path or MLS glidepath. (See Glide Slope, Threshold.)Chart Glossary% TIME GROUPŸљChart Glossary AACategory 1,2,3. Category 1: Permanently plannable CDR during designated limes. Category 2: Plannable only during times designated in the Conditional Route Availability Message (CRAM) published at 15002 for the 24 hour period starting at 0600Z the next day. Category 3: Not plannable. Useable only when directed by ATC.1BThe Automated Surface Observation System, in the United States, is a surface weather observing system implemented by the National Weather Service, the Federal Aviation Administration and the Department of Defence. It is designed to support aviation operations and weather forecast activities. The ASOS provides continuous minute-by-minute observations and performs the aviation routine weather report (METAR) and other aviation weather information. ASOS information may be transmitted over a discrete VHF radio frequency or the voice portion of a local NAVAID.BAt some airports a prescribed departure route is not required for ATC purposes nor as the only suitable route to avoid obstacles. In spite of this, there may be obstacles in the vicinity of the airport that should be considered in determining departures. When obstacles do exist, restrictions are provided by describing restricted sectors and or by specifying climb gradients required to clear the obstacles. In areas where obstacles and terrain avoidance is assured, Radar vectors below the MVA may be issued to departing aircraft.џBA space-based radio positioning, navigation, and time transfer system. The system provides highly accurate position and velocity information, and precise time, on a continuous global basis, to an unlimited number of properly equipped users. The system is unaffected by weather, and provides a world-wide common grid reference system. The GPS concept is predicated upon accurate and continuous knowledge of the spatial position of each satellite in the system with respect to time and distance from a transmitting satellite to the user. The GPS receiver automaticalty selects appropriate signals from the satellites in view and translates these into a three dimensional position, velocity, and time. System accuracy for civil users is normally 100 meters horizontally@An unstaffed, remotely controlled ground/ ground comЏСmunications facility. Pilots at uncontrolled airports may contact ATC and FSS via VHF to a telephone connection to obtain an instrument clearance or close a VFR or IFR flight plan. They may also get an updated weather briefing prior to takeoff. Pilots will use four 'key clicks' on the VHF radio to contact the appropriate ATC facility, or six 'key clicks' to contact FSS. The GCO system is intended to be used only on the ground.aD1. ILS Category l - An ILS approach procedure which provides for an approach to a decision height not lower than 200 feet (60m) and a visibility not less than 2400 feet (800m) or a runway visual range not less than 1800 feet (550m). 2. ILS Category II (Special authorisation required) - An ILS approach procedure which provides for an approach to a decision height lower than 200 feet (60m) but not lower than 100 feet (30m) and a runway visual range not less than 1200 feet (350m). 3. ILS Category 111 (Special authorisation required) a. IIIA - An ILS approach procedure which provides for approach with either a decision height lower than 100 feet (30m) or with no decision height and with a runway visual range of not less than 700 feet (200m). b. IIIB - An ILS approach procedure which provides for approach with either a decision height lowerl han 50 feet (15m) or with no decision height and with a runway visual range of less than 700 feet (200m) but not less than 150 feet (50m). c. IIIC - An ILS approach procedure which provides for approach with no decision height and no runway visual range limitations.WAOperations which include simultaneous takeoffs and landings and /or simultaneous landings when a landing aircraft is able and is instructed by the controller to hold-short of the intersecting runway / taxiway or designated hold-short point. Pilots are expected to promptly inform the controller if the hold short clearance cannot be accepted.іAA service provided by flight service stations or the military at airports not serviced by an operating control tower. This service consists of providing information to arriving and departing aircraft concerning wind direction and speed, favoured runway, altimeter setting, pertinent known traffic, pertinent known field conditions, airport taxi routes and traffic patterns, and authorised instrument approach procedures. This information is advisory in nature and does not constitute an ATC clearance.ђDAirspace of defined dimensions identified by an area on the surface of the earth wherein activities must be confined because of their nature and/or wherein limitations may be imposed upon aircraft operations that are not a part of those activities. Types of special use airspace are: 1. Alert Area (USA) - Airspace which may contain a high volume of pilot training activities or an unusual type of aerial activity, neither of which is hazardous to aircraft. Alert Areas are depicted on aeronautical charts for the information of non participating pilots. All activities within an Alert Area are conducted in accordance with Federal Aviation Regulations, and pilots of participating aircraft as well as pilots transiting the area are usually responsible for collision avoidance. 2. Controlled Firing Area (USA) - Airspace wherein activities are conducted under conditions so controlled as to eliminate hazards to nonparticipating aircraft and to ensure the safety of persons and property on the ground. 3. Military Operations Area (MOA) (USA) - A MOA is airspace established outside of a Class A airspace area to separate or segregate certain nonhazardous military activities from IFR traffic and to identify for VFR traffic where these activities are conducted.–AProvisions for guidance and control or regulation for facilities, information, and advice necessary for pilots of aircraft and drivers of ground vehicles to find their way on the airport during low visibility operations and to keep the aircraft or vehicles on the surfaces or within the areas intended for their use. Low visibility operations for this system means reported conditions of RVR 1200 or less.’FA national program instituted to extend the terminal radar services provided instrument flight rules (IFR) aircraft to visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft. The program is divided into four types of service referred to as basic radar service, terminal radar service area (TRSA) service, Class B service and Class C service. 1. Basic Radar Service These services are provided for VFR aircraft by all commissioned terminal radar facilities. Basic radar service includes safety alerts, traffic advisories, limited radar vectoring when requested by the pilot, and sequencing at locations where procedures have bee.n established for this purpose and/or when covered by a letter of agreement. The purpose of this service is to adjust the flow of arriving IFR and VFR aircraft into the traffic pattern in a safe and orderly manner and to provide traffic advisories to departing VFR aircraft. 2. TRSA Service This service provides, in addition to basic radar service, sequencing of all IFR and participating VFR aircraft to the primary airport and separation between all participating VFR aircraft. The purpose of this service is to provide separation between all participating VFR aircraft and alt IFR aircraft operating within the area defined as a TRSA. 3. Class B Service This service/ice provides, in addition to basic radar service, approved separation of aircraft based on IFR, VFR, ^ and/or weight, and sequencing of VFR (jg arrivals to the primary airport(s). 4. Class C Service This service provides, in addition to basic radar service, approved separation between IFR and VFR aircraft, and sequencing of VFR aircraft, and sequencing of VFR arrivals to the primary airport.SAThe descent angle shown on some non precision approaches describing the geometric descent path from the Final approach fix (FAF), or on occasion from an intervening stepdown fix, to the Threshold Crossing Height (TCH). This angle may or may not coincide with the angle projected by a Visual Glide Slope Indicator (VASI, PAPI, PLASI, etc.)CBThe ability, as determined by atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of distance, to see and identify prominent unlighted objects by day and prominent lighted objects by night. 1. Flight Visibility The visibility forward from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight. 2. Ground Visibility The visibility at an aerodrome as reported by an accredited observer. 3. Runway Visual Range (RVR) The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centre line of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights deiineating the runway or identifying its centre line.ШAAn approach conducted on an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan which authorizes the pilot to proceed visually and clear of clouds to the airport. The pilot must, at all times, have either the airport or the preceding aircraft in sight. This approach must be authorized and under the control of the appropriate air traffic control facility. Reported weather at the airport must be ceiling at or above 1,000 feet and visibility of 3 miles or greater.†CCLASS E IFR and VFR flights are permitted, IFR flights are subject to air traffic control service and are separated from other IFR flights. All flights receive traffic information as far as is practical. SEPARATION PROVIDED (IFR) IFR from IFRSERVICES PROVIDED (IFR) ATC Service and traffic information about VFR flights as far as practicalSPEED LIMITATION (IFR) 250 KIAS below 3050m (10,000') mslRADIO COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT (IFR) Continuous 2 waySUBJECT TO ATC CLEARANCE (IFR) YesSEPARATION PROVIDED (VFR) NilSERVICES PROVIDED (VFR) Traffic Information as far as practical VMC VISIBILITY AND DISTANCE FROM CLOUD MINIMA (VFR) 8 km at and above 3050m (10,000') MSL / 5 km below 3050m (10,000') MSL / 1500m horizontal / 300m vertical distance from cloud SPEED LIMITATION (VFR) 250 KIAS below 3050m (10,000') msl RADIO COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT (VFR) NoSUBJECT TO ATC CLEARANCE (VFR) NoбCCLASS F IFR and VFR flights are permitted, all participating IFR flights receive an air traffic advisory service and all flights receive flight information service if requested. SEPARATION PROVIDED (IFR) IFR from IFR as far as practicalSERVICES PROVIDED (IFR) Air Traffic Advisory Service / Flight Information ServiceSPEED LIMITATION (IFR) 250 KIAS below 3050m (10,000') mslRADIO COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT (IFR) Continuous 2 waySUBJECT TO ATC CLEARANCE (IFR) NoSEPARATION PROVIDED (VFR) NilSERVICES PROVIDED (VFR) Flight Information ServiceVMC VISIBILITY AND DISTANCE FROM CLOUD MINIMA (VFR) 8 km at and above 3050m (10,000') MSL / 5 km below 3050m (10,000') MSL / 1500m horizontal / 300m vertical distance from cloud At and below 900m MSL or 300m above terrain whicever is higher 5km clear of cloud and in sight of ground or waterSPEED LIMITATION (VFR) 250 KIAS below 3050m (10,000') msl RADIO COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT (VFR) NoSUBJECT TO ATC CLEARANCE (VFR) No@CCLASS GIFR and VFR flights are permitted and receive flight information service if requested-SEPARATION PROVIDED (IFR) NilSERVICES PROVIDED (IFR) Flight Information ServiceSPEED LIMITATION (IFR) 250 KIAS below 3050m (10,000') mslRADIO COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT (IFR) Continuous 2 waySUBJECT TO ATC CLEARANCE (IFR) NoSEPARATION PROVIDED (VFR) NilSERVICES PROVIDED (VFR) Flight Information ServiceVMC VISIBILITY AND DISTANCE FROM CLOUD MINIMA (VFR) 8 km at and above 3050m (10,000') MSL / 5 km below 3050m (10,000') MSL / 1500m horizontal / 300m vertical distance from cloud At and below 900m MSL or 300m above terrain whicever is higher 5km clear of cloud and in sight of ground or waterSPEED LIMITATION (VFR) 250 KIAS below 3050m (10,000') mslRADIO COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT (VFR) NoSUBJECT TO ATC CLEARANCE (VFR) No0BCLASS A IFR flights only are permitted, all flights are subject to air traffic control service and are separated from each other.SEPARATION PROVIDED (IFR) All AircraftSERVICES PROVIDED (IFR) Air Traffic SericeSPEED LIMITATION (IFR) Not applicableRADIO COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT (IFR) Continuous two-waySUBJECT TO ATC CLEARANCE (IFR) YesSEPARATION PROVIDED (VFR) NoSERVICES PROVIDED (VFR) NoVMC VISIBILITY AND DISTANCE FROM CLOUD MINIMA (VFR) NoSPEED LIMITATION (VFR) NoRADIO COMMUNICATION No REQUIREMENT (VFR) NoSUBJECT TO ATC CLEARANCE (VFR) NoЎBCLASS BIFR and VFR flights are permitted, all flights are subject to air traffic control service and are separated Irom each other.SEPARATION PROVIDED (IFR) All AircraftSERVICES PROVIDED (IFR) ATC ServiceSPEED LIMITATION (IFR) Not ApplicableRADIO COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT (IFR) Continuous two waySUBJECT TO ATC CLEARANCE (IFR) YesSEPARATION PROVIDED (VFR) All AircraftSERVICES PROVIDED (VFR) ATC ServiceVMC VISIBILITY AND DISTANCE FROM CLOUD MINIMA (VFR) 8 km at and above 3050m (10,000') MSL / 5 km below 3050m (10,000') MSL / Clear of CloudsSPEED LIMITATION (VFR) Not applicable RADIO COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT (VFR) Continuous two waySUBJECT TO ATC CLEARANCE (VFR) YesжCIFR and VFR flights are permitted, all flights are subject to air traffic control service and IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and from VFR flights. VFR flighls are separated from IFR flights and receive traffic information in respect of other VFR flights. SEPARATION PROVIDED (IFR) IFR from VFR / IFR from IFRSERVICES PROVIDED (IFR) ATC ServiceSPEED LIMITATION (IFR) N/ARADIO COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT (IFR) Continuous 2 waySUBJECT TO ATC CLEARANCE (IFR) YesSEPARATION PROVIDED (VFR) VFR fro IFRSERVICES PROVIDED (VFR) ATC Services for seperation from IFR, VFR/VFR traffic information (and traffic avoidance advice on request)VMC VISIBILITY AND DISTANCE FROM CLOUD MINIMA (VFR) 8 km at and above 3050m (10,000') MSL / 5 km below 3050m (10,000') MSL / 1500m horizontal / 300m vertical distance from cloud SPEED LIMITATION (VFR) 250 KIAS below 3050m (!0,000') mslRADIO COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT (VFR) Continuous 2 waySUBJECT TO ATC CLEARANCE (VFR) Yes)DCLASS D IFR and VFR flights are permitted, all flights are subject to air traffic control service, IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and receive traffic information in respect of VFR flights, VFR flights receive traffic information in respect of all other flights. SEPARATION PROVIDED (IFR) IFR from IFRSERVICES PROVIDED (IFR) ATC Service and Traffic Information about VFR flights (and traffic avoidance advice on request)SPEED LIMITATION (IFR) 250 KIAS below 3050m (10,000') mslRADIO COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT (IFR) Continuous 2 waySUBJECT TO ATC CLEARANCE (IFR) YesSEPARATION PROVIDED (VFR) NilSERVICES PROVIDED (VFR) Traffic Information between VFR and IFR flights (and traffic avoidance advice on request) VMC VISIBILITY AND DISTANCE FROM CLOUD MINIMA (VFR) 8 km at and above 3050m (10,000') MSL / 5 km below 3050m (10,000') MSL / 1500m horizontal / 300m vertical distance from cloud SPEED LIMITATION (VFR) 250 KIAS below 3050m (10,000') msl RADIO COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT (VFR) Continuous 2 waySUBJECT TO ATC CLEARANCE (VFR) Yes'Eкџџљ‰L<ˆQTёR6>€€€€ .MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE/HEIGHT (MDA/H) (ICAO)A specified altitude or height in a nonprecision approach or circling approach below which descent may not be made without visual reference. PRECISION APPROACH PROCEDUREƒA standard instrument approach procedure in which an electronic glideslope/glidepath is provided; e.g., ILS, electronic glideslopePREDEPARTURE CLEARANCE (PDC)ЮSPECIAL USE AIRSPACEЯђ:SURFACE MOVEMENT GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEM (SMGCS) (USA)а– TERMINAL CONTROL AREA (ICAO)uA control area normally established at the confluence of ATS routes in the vicinity of one or more major aerodromes. TERMINAL VFR RADAR SERVICE (USA)б’ TURN ANTICIPATIONЈTurning maneuver initiated prior to reaching the actual airspace fix or turn point that is intended to keep the aircraft within established airway or route boundaries.VERTICAL PATH ANGLE (VPA) (USA)вSVISIBILITY (ICAO)гCVISUAL APPROACH (USA)дШ6ICAO AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES AIRSPACECLASSIFICATIONS (A)е06ICAO AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES AIRSPACECLASSIFICATIONS (B)жЎ>ICAO AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES AIRSPACECLASSIFICATIONS (C)CLASS Cзж6ICAO AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES AIRSPACECLASSIFICATIONS (D)и)6ICAO AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES AIRSPACECLASSIFICATIONS (E)й†šC+џц^АёhкŠ ж-COMPANY ROUTE (KAL [A route offlight stored in the computerflight planning data base used forflight planning.  %COMPASS LOCATOR (FAA)%CChart Glossary -COMPASS LOCATOR (ICAO)/An LF/MF NDB used as an aid to final approach.Chart Glossary - COMPASS ROSEA circle graduated in degrees, printed on some charts or marked on the ground at an airport. It is used as a reference to either true or magnetic direction.Chart Glossary %COMPULSORY REPORTING POINTS&}Chart Glossary-CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES@The forty-eight adjoining states and the District of Columbia.Chart Glossary -CONTINENTAL CONTROL AREASee Controlled Airspace.)Chart Glossary -CONTINENTAL UNITED STATESVThe 49 states located on the continent of North America and the District of Columbia.Chart Glossary - CONTROL AREAMControlled Airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earthChart Glossary[AIFR and VFR flights are permitted all flights are subject to air traffic control services and are seperated from each other (IFR seperation all Aircraft ATS 2 way continuous radio Subject to ATC clearance VFR seperation all Aircraft ATS 5 sm viz at and abone 10000ft AMSL 3 sm below 10000 ft AMSL 2 way continuous radio Subject to ATC clearance)@IFR and VFR flights are permitted all flights are subject to air traffic control service IFR flights are seperated from other IFR flights and from VFR flights VFR flights are seperated from IFR flights and recieve traffic information in respect of other VFR flights (IFR-IFR from IFR and IFR from VFR seperation all Aircraft ATS 2 way continuous radio Subject to ATC clearance VFR- VFR from IFR seperation from IFR VFR/VFR traffic inforation ATS 5 sm viz at and abone 10000ft AMSL 3 sm below 10000 ft AMSL 15000m Horzontal 300m vertical distance from cloud 250kt below 10000ft 2 way continuous radio Subject to ATC clearance)„BIFR and VFR flights are permitted and all flights are subject to air traffic control service IFR flights are seperated from other IFR flights and recieve traffic information in respect of VFR flights VFR flights receive traffic information in respect of all other flights (IFR-IFR from IFR ATS including flight information about VFR 250 kt below 10000 ft 2 way continuous radio Subject to ATC clearance VFR-nil seperation traffic information between VFR and IFR 5 sm viz at and above 10000ft AMSL 3 sm below 10000 ft AMSL 15000m Horizontal 300m vertical distance from cloud 250kt below 10000ft 2 way continuous radio Subject to ATC clearance)!BIFR and VFR flights are permitted IFR flights are subject to air traffic control service seperated from other IFR flights All flights recieve traffic information as far a is practical (IFR-IFR from IFR ATS traffic information about VFR as far as practical 250 kt below 10000 ft 2 way continuous radio Subject to ATC clearance VFR-nil seperation traffic information as far a practical 5 sm viz at and above 10000ft AMSL 3 sm below 10000 ft AMSL 15000m Horizontal 300m vertical distance from cloud 250kt below 10000ft no radio no ATC clearance)эAIFR and VFR flights are permitted All participating IFR flights receive traffic information service if requested (IFR-IFR from IFR as far as is practical ATS/FIS 250 kt below 10000 ft 2 way continuous radio no ATC clearance VFR-nil seperation FIS 5 sm viz at and above 10000ft AMSL 3 sm below 10000 ft AMSL 15000m Horizontal 300m vertical distance from cloud At or below 900m amsl or 300m agl 3sm clear of cloud and in sight of ground or water 250kt below 10000ft no radio no ATC) clearance)БAIFR and VFR flights are permitted and receive traffic information service if requested (IFR nil seperation FIS 250 kt below 10000 ft 2 way continuous radio no ATC clearance VFR-nil seperation FIS 5 sm viz at and above 10000ft AMSL 3 sm below 10000 ft AMSL 15000m Horizontal 300m vertical distance from cloud At or below 900m amsl or 300m agl 3sm clear of cloud and in sight of ground or water 250kt below 10000ft no radio no ATC)џCA grouping of aircraft based on a speed of Vref if specified or if Vref not specified 1.3 Vso at maximum specified landing weight. Vref Vso and the Maximum certificated landing weight are those values as established for the aircraft by the certification authority of the country of registry An aircraft shall fit in only one category. If it is necessary to maneuver at speeds in excess of the upper limit of a speed range for a category, the minimums for the next higher category should be used. For example, an aircraft which falls in Category A, but is circling to land at a speed in excess of 91 knots, should use the approach Category B minimums when circling to land. The categories are as follows: Category A - Speed less than 91 knots. Category B - Speed 91 knots or more but less than 121 knots. Category C - Speed 121 knots or more but less than 141 knots. Category D - Speed 141 knots or more but less than 166 knots. Category E - Speed 166 knots or more. Category E includes only certain Military AircraftЪAProvides assistance for requesting and delivering information and clearance with the objective of reducing aircrew and controller workload The DCL service shall be initiated by the Aircrew at a suitable time between TI and Tt. Ti - the earliest time at which a DCL service can be initiated Tt - the latest time after whih an aircrew having not completed the DCL service is stil able to receive by voice procedures and in due tie te vocal departure clearance0AAre recommended altitudes developed in coordination with ATC requirements to accomodate a stabilized descent profile on a prescribed descent angle on the final approach course and sometimes also in the intermediate approach segment Procedure altitudes are never less than segment minimum safe altitudesнEЗџп€€Х§y******a`I:6ICAO AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES AIRSPACECLASSIFICATIONS (F)лб6ICAO AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES AIRSPACECLASSIFICATIONS (G)м@ AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES AIRSPACESаAirspaces of defined dimensions alphabetically dsignated within which specific types of flights may operate and for which air traffic services and rules of operation are specified. Classified as Class A to G CONTROLLED AIRSPACEщAn Airspace of defined dimensions within whichair traffic control service is provided to IFR and VFR flights in accordance with the Airspace classification Controlled Airspace is Generic term covering ATS airspace classe A B C D & E ATS CLASS AаIFR flights only are permitted,all flights are subjected to air trafic control service and are seperated from each other (IFR only seperation all Aircraft ATS 2 way continuous radio Subject to ATC clearance) ATS CLASS B*[ ATS CLASS C-s ATS CLASS D,„ ATS CLASS E)! ATS CLASS F(э ATS CLASS G'Б &Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS)яA surveillance technique in which aircraft automatically provide via a data link data derived from on board navigation and position fixing systems including aircraft identification 4 dimensional position and additional data as appropriate&Departure Clearane via Data Link (DCL)ЛЪ MOUNTAINOUS AREA (ICAO)xAn area of changing terrain profie where the changes of terrain elevation exceed 3000' (900m) within a distance of 10nmPROCEDURE ALTITUDESЧ0J›џџЮХQщŠњ%Z)\И!X- SLANT RANGEIThe line-of-sight distance between two points not at the same elevation.Chart Glossary -SPECIAL VFR OPERATIONSШAircraft operating in accordance with clearances within control Zones in weather conditions less than the basic VFR weather minima. Such operations must be requested by the pilot and approved by ATC.Chart Glossary -SPEED ADJUSTMENTёAn ATC procedure used to request pilots to adjust aircraft speed to a specific value for the purpose of providing desired spacing. Pilots are expected to maintain a speed of plus or minus to knots or 0.02 mach number of the specified speed.Chart Glossary -SQUAWK (MODE, CODE, FUNCTION)ŠActivate specific modes/codes/functions on the aircraft transponder, e.g., Squawk Three/Alpha, Two one zero five, Low. (See Transponder.)Chart Glossary -STAGE II/III SERVICE(See Terminal Radar Program.)Chart Glossary -STANDARD DME ARRIVAL (DME)PDesignated arrival routes, charted to expedite clearances for final approaches.Chart Glossary -)STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE (SID) (USA)ЮA preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR) air traffic control departure printed for pilot use in graphic and/or textual form. SIDs provide transition from the terminal to the appropriate enroute structure.Chart Glossary-&STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL ROUTE (STAR)юA preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR) air traffic control arrival route published for pilot use in graphic and/or textual form. STARs provide transition from the enroute structure to a fix or point from which an approach can be made.Chart Glossary %STATION DECLINATION˜QChart Glossary - STEPDOWN FIXЋA fix permitting additional descent within a segment of an instrument approach procedure by identifying a point at which a controlling obstacle has been safely overflown.Chart Glossary %STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH™Chart Glossary -STRAIGHT-IN APPROACHРVFR Entry into the traffic pattern by interception of the extended runway centerline (final approach course) without executing any other portion of the traffic pattern. (See Traffic Pattern.)Chart Glossary -STRAIGHT-IN LANDING›A landing made on a runway aligned within 30А of the final approach course following completion of an instrument approach. (See Straight-in Approach-IFR.)Chart Glossary -1STRAIGHT-IN LANDING MINIMUMS/STRAIGHT-IN MINIMUMS(See Landing Minimums.)Chart Glossary -SUBSTITUTE ROUTEeA route assigned to pilots when any part of an airway or route is unusable because of NAVAID status.Chart Glossary %SUNSET AND SUNRISEš Chart Glossary QBFor turbine engine-powered airplanes certified afterAugust 29, 1959, an area beyond the runway, not less than 500 feet wide, centrally located the extended centerline of the runway and under the control of the airport authorities. The clearway is expressed in terms of a clearway plane, extending from the end of the runway with an upward slope not exceeding 1.25 percent, above which no object nor any terrain protrudes. However, threshold lights may protrude above the plane if their height above the end of the runway is 26 inches or less and if they are located to the side of the runway.wBThe fix from which the final approach (IFR) to an airport is executed and which identifies the beginning of the final approach segment. It is designated in the profile view of charts by the Maltese Cross symbol for nonprecision approaches (localizer) and by the minimum glide slope/path intercept point on precision approaches. The glide slope/path symbol starts at the FAF. When ATC directs a lower-than-published Glide slope/path Intercept Altitude, it is the resultant actual point of the glide slope/path intercept. (See Final Approach Point, Glide slope/path Intercept Altitude, Segments of an Instrument Approach Procedure).ZHGџџ]bQnМYzLх  Ul0Љ-FINAL APPROACH COURSEАA straight line extension of a localizer, a final approach radial/bearing, or a runway centerline, all without regard to distance. (See Final Approach - IFR, Traffic Pattern.)Chart Glossary%FINAL APPROACH FIX (FAF)BwChart Glossary-!FINAL APPROACH POINT (FAP) (ICAO)aThat fix or point of an instrument approach procedure where the final approach segment commencesChart Glossary%FINAL APPROACH POINT/FAP (USA)CChart Glossary-FINAL APPROACH SEGMENT5 (See Segments of an Instrument Approach Procedure.)Chart Glossary -FIXРA geographical position determined by visual reference to the surface, by reference to one or more radio NAVAIDs, by celestial plotting, or by another navigational device. (See Intersection.)Chart Glossary %$FLIGHT INFORMATION REGION (FIR, UIR)DЛChart Glossary% FLIGHT LEVELEPChart Glossary -FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (FMS)–An integrated system used by flight crews for flight planning, navigation, performance management, aircraft guidance and flight progress monitoring.  - FLIGHT PATHiA line, course, or track along which an aircraft is flying or intended to be flown. (See Course, Track.)Chart Glossary - FLIGHT PLANЄSpecified information relating to the intended flight of an aircraft, that is filed orally or in writing with an FSS or an ATC facility. (Refer to ATC Procedures.)Chart Glossary -"FLIGHT SERVICE STATION (FSS) (USA)Air Traffic Service facilities within the National Airspace System (NAS) which provide pre-flight pilot briefing and enroute communications.Chart Glossary - FLIGHT TIME ФThe total time from the moment an airplane first moves for the purpose of taking off until the moment it finally comes to rest at the end of the flight. Block to block time, chock to chock time)  -FLIGHT VISIBILITY(See Visibility.)Chart Glossary % FLIGHT WATCHF -FLIGHT WATCH (USA)ХA shortened term for use in air-ground contacts to identify the flight service station providing Enroute Flight Advisory Service; e.g., Oakland Flight Watch. (See Enroute Flight Advisory Service.)Chart Glossary HAThe fix, point, or location to which an aircraft is cleared when issued an air traffic clearance. If the clearance limit is reached without receipt of further clearance, hold as depicted, or as instructed. In the absence of a standard pattern on the inbound heading to the fix and request further clearance as soon as possible.SG$џџ†hR8NFб .Іy5Б]…%)CIRCLE-TO-LAND MANEUVER/CIRCLING MANEUVERSChart Glossary -CIRCLING APPROACHSee Circle-To-Land Maneuver.  -CIRCLING MINIMASee Landing Minima.  CLASS 1 NAVIGATION%CLASS II NAVIGATION (Class 2) qCLEARANCE LIMIT (FAA-AIM)!H-CLEARANCE VOID TIME (ICAO)•A time specified by an air traffic control unit at which a clearance ceases to be valid unless the aircraft concerned has already action to comply.  - CLEARED FOR THE OPTION (FAA-AIM)ATC authorization for an aircraft to make a touch-and-go, low approach, missed approach, stop and go or a full stop landing at the discretion of the pilot.   CLEARWAY(FAA)"Q- CLOSED RUNWAY3A runway that is unusable for aircraft operations.Chart Glossary -CODES/TRANSPONDER CODES sThe number assigned to a particular multiple pulse reply signal transmitted by a transponder. (See Discrete Code.)Chart Glossary -COMBINED STATION/TOWER (CS/T)An air traffic control facility which combines the functions of a flight service station and an airport traffic control tower. (See Flight Service Station.)Chart Glossary -COMMET ’A ground communications facility associated with a weather station and authorized to pass weather information to arriving and departing aircraft.Chart Glossary -.COMMON TRAFFIC ADVISORY FREQUENCY (CTAF) (USA)РA frequency designed for the purpose of carrying out airport advisory practices while operating to or from an uncontrolled airport. The CTAF may be a UNICOM, Multicom, ESS, or tower frequencyChart Glossary-4COMMUNICATION, NAVIGATION, SURVEILLANCE (CNS) (ICAO)^With ATM,a future satellite-based concept for the fundamental improvement of air navigation.  -(COMMUNITY AERODROME RADIO STATION (CARS)gAn aerodrome radio that provides weather, field conditions, accepts flight plans and position reports.Chart GlossaryмFƒ§џL A5HХ|]†„p\d`-PANЏThe international radio-telephony urgency signal. When repeated three times indicates uncertainty or alert, followed by nature of urgency. (See MAYDAY, Refer to ATC Section.)Chart Glossary % PAR APPROACH{–Chart Glossary -PARALLELчA true east-west line of points of equal latitude extending around the world by which position (latitude) is measured north or south from the equator. All parallels are parallel to the equator and to each other. (See Coordinates.)Chart Glossary -PARALLEL OFFSET ROUTEЈA parallel track to the left or right of the designated or established airway/route. Normally associated with Area Navigation (RNAV) operations. (See Area Navigation.)Chart Glossary -PARALLEL RUNWAYSъTwo or more runways at the same airport whose centerlines are parallel. In addition to runway number, parallel runways are designated as L (left) and R (right) or, if three parallel runways exist, L (left), C (center), and R (right).Chart Glossary % PARAMETERS|tChart Glossary -$PAVEMENT CLASSIFICATION NUMBER (PCN)zA number expressing the bearing strength of a pavement for unrestricted operations. (See Aircraft Classification Number.)Chart Glossary %%PILOT CONTROLLED LIGHTING (PCL) (USA)}tChart Glossary-POSITIVE CONTROLtThe separation of all air traffic, within designated airspace, by air traffic control. (See Positive Control Area.)Chart Glossary -POSITIVE CONTROL AREA(See Controlled Airspace.)Chart Glossary %(PRECISION APPROACH PATH INDICATOR (PAPI)~Chart Glossary %PRECISION APPROACH RADAR (PAR);Chart Glossary %PREFERRED IFR ROUTES€Chart Glossary %PROCEDURE TURN (PT) (USA)wChart Glossary%PROCEDURE TURN INBOUND‚{Chart Glossary @ФјџШќьЪђЊм’`5™jZ FLY BY FIXWWaypoint allows use of turn anticipation to avoid overshoot of the next flight segment FLY OVER FIXoWaypoint precludes any turn until fix is overflown, followed by an intercept maneuver of the next flight track GPS/GNSS SENSOR FAF`Database fix that changes sensitivity of the CDI (Course deviation Indicator) on final approach GPS/GNSS TYPEAPPROACHESJAny approah that can be flown with GPS/GNSS as the only navigation source DATABASE IDENTIFIERcAvionics System use only Identifies a waypoint or fix (Not for Flight Plans or ATC communications) OBSTACLE DEPARTURE@An Instruent departure procedure established to avoid obstacles SENSOR FINAL APPROACH FIX (FF)MIncluded in database and on charts when no FAF is specified for the approach VERTICAL DESCENTANGLE0My be specified by the State (Rates of descent)&AIRCRAFT APPROACH CATEGORY (USA) TERPSРџ AIRWAY (USA)~A Class E airspace area established in the form of a corridor, the centerline of which is defined by radio navigational aids. ALONG СTRACK DISTANCEThe distance measured from a point-in-space by systems using area navigation reference capabilities that are not subject to slant range errors+AUTOMATED SURFACE OBSERVATION SYSTEM (ASOS)Т1#CONDITIONAL ROUTES (CDR) - (Europe)УAЧFЬї§№85§ђ5Rid>PL CONTROL ZONE (ICAO)bA controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit.DIVERSE DEPARTURESХ $FINAL APPROACH FIX (FAF) (AUSTRALIA)fA specified point on a non-precision approach which identifies the commencement of the final segment &FINAL APPROACH POINT (FAP) (AUSTRALIA)жA specified point on the glide path of a precision instrument approach which identifies the commencement of the final segment. NOTE: The FAP is co-incident with the FAF of a localizer based non-precision approach. FLY-BY WAYPOINTgA fly-by waypoint requires the use of turn anticipation to avoid overshoot of the next flight segment. FLY-OVER WAYPOINTŒA fly-over waypoint precludes any turn until the waypoint is overflown and is followed by an intercept maneuver of the next flight segment. *GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS (GNSS)рAn 'umbrella' term adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) to encompass any independent satellite navigation system used by a pilot to perform onboard position determinations from the satellite data.GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)Цџ GRID MORA (State)†An altitude supplied by the State Authority provides 2000 feet clearance in mountainous areas and 1000 feet in non mountainous areas.(GROUND COMMUNICATIONS OUTLET (GCO) (USA)ШуILS CATEGORIES (ICAO)Щa )INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE PROCEDURE (DP) (USA)йA preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR) air traffic control departure procedure printed for pilot use in graphic and/or textual form. DP's provide transition from the terminal to the appropriate en route structure.LAND AND HOLD SHORT OPERATIONSЪWLOCAL AIRPORT ADVISORY (LAA)ЫіAA pre-determined geographical position, used for route or approach definition or progress reporting purposes. Two Way Points define a route segment. (See Area Navigation.) Most often used to indicate a change in direction,speed,or altitude along the desired pathЃEЎџ€ffmдž‰БbtPЩ%&VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR (VASI)Њј Chart Glossary %VISUAL DESCENT POINT (VDP)Ћ`Chart Glossary%VISUAL FLIGHT RULES (VFR)Ќ•Chart Glossary -&VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS (VMC)тMeteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility distance from cloud, and ceiling equal to or better than specified minimums. (See Instrument Flight Rules, Instrument Meteorological Conditions, Visual Flight Rules.)Chart Glossary -VOLMET BROADCASTHRoutine broadcast of meteorological information for aircraft in flight.Chart Glossary%5VOR/VERY HIGH FREQUENCY OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE STATION­TChart Glossary -VOR/VOR TEST SIGNAL (VOT)vA ground facility which emits a test signal to check VOR receiver accuracy. The system is limited to ground use only.Chart Glossary -8VORTAC/VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE/TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATIONЁA navigation aid providing VOR azimuth, TACAN azimuth, and TACAN distance measuring equipment (DME) at one site. (See Distance Measuring Equipment, TACAN, VOR.)Chart Glossary -VOT(See VOR/VOR Test Signal.)Chart Glossary - WARNING AREA(See Restricted Airspace.)Chart Glossary %WAYPOINT (RNAV)zChart Glossary-Z MARKERзA position marker, transmitting continuously on 75 MHz and generally located at the center of an LF range or other navigational station to assist the pilot in determining the exact time of arrival over the station.Chart Glossary 5IџџQN­ИAСh|§)QDŠt-ALTIMETER SETTINGнThe barometric pressure reading used to adjust a pressure altimeter for variations in existing atmospheric pressure or to the standard altimeter setting (29.92 inches of mercury, 1013.2 hectopascals or 1013.2 millibars).Chart Glossary -ALTITUDE (ICAO)rThe vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from Mean Sea Level (MSL).Chart Glossary %ALTITUDE (USA)Chart Glossary-+APPROACH CONTROL/APPROACH CONTROL FACILITY eA terminal air traffic control facility providing approach control service. (See Departure Control.)Chart Glossary -APPROACH LIGHT SYSTEM (ALS)}See the Approach Chart Legend in the Jeppesen Airway Manual Introduction pages that are flled in the Chart Legends chapter. Chart Glossary -APPROVED (ICAO) GAccepted by a contracting State as suitable for a particular purpose.  - APRON/RAMPѓA defined area, on a land airport, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers or cargo, refuelling, parking or maintenance. With regard to seaplanes, a ramp is used for access to the apron from the water.Chart Glossary -ARCšThe curved track over the ground of an aircraft flying at a constant distance from a navigational aid by reference to distance measuring equipment (DME).Chart Glossary %AREA MINIMUM ALTITUDE (AMA)оChart Glossary%$AREA MINIMUM ALTITUDE (AMA) ENVELOPE Chart Glossary -AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV)зA method of navigation that permits aircraft operations on any desired course within the coverage of referenced navigation signals or within the limits of self-contained system capability or a combination of these.Chart Glossary-AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV) APPROACHцAn instrument approach requiring use of an RNAV system and entailing direct flight between RNAV waypoints, without entailing direct flight between RNAV waypoints, without final approach guidance by conventional navigation aids.  -ARRIVAL ROUTES (ICAO)ЌRoute identified on an instrument approach procedure by which aircraft may proceed from the enroute phase of flight to the initial approach fix. (Also see Terminal Route.)Chart Glossary % ATS ROUTEChart Glossary%,AUTOMATED WEATHER- OBSERVING SERVICE (AWOS.)nChart Glossary% AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER (ADF)-Chart Glossary JЅџџ…9MzЅdйHѕ|Tф- TOUCHDOWNХ1. The point at which an aircraft first makes contact with the landing surface. 2. Concerning a precision radar approach (PAR), it is the point where the glide path intercepts the landing surface.Chart Glossary -TOUCHDOWN ZONEThe first 3,000 feet of the runway beginning at the threshold. The area is used for determination of Touchdown Zone Elevation.Chart Glossary -TOUCHDOWN ZONE ELEVATION (TDZE)\The highest elevation in the first 3,000 feet of the landing surface. (See Touchdown Zone.)Chart Glossary -#TOWER ENROUTE CONTROL SERVICE (USA)нThe control of IFR enroute traffic within delegated airspace between two or more adjacent approach control facilities. This service is designed to expedite traffic and reduce control and pilot communication requirements.Chart Glossary %#TOWER/AIRPORT TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERЁъChart Glossary }TRACKЗThe actual flight path of an aircraft over the surface of the earth. (See Course, Flight Path, Route.)RNAV is a magnetic course between waypoints that must be intercepted and flownZgO-Chart Glossary%TRAFFIC INFORMATION ZONEЂChart Glossary -TRAFFIC PATTERNоThe traffic flow that is prescribed for aircraft landing at, taxiing on, or taking off from an airport. The components of a typical traffic pattern are upwind leg, crosswind leg, downwind leg, base leg and final approach.Chart Glossary -$TRANSCRIBED WEATHER BROADCAST (TWEB)A continuous recording of meteorological and aeronautical information that is broadcast on L/MP and VOR facilities for pilots.Chart Glossary % TRANSITIONЃКChart Glossary -TRANSITION ALTITUDE (QNH)‘The altitude in the vicinity of an airport at or below which the vertical position of an aircraft is controlled by reference to altitudes (MSL).Chart Glossary -TRANSITION AREA (See Controlled Airspace.)Chart Glossary -TRANSITION HEIGHT (QFE)šThe height in the vicinity of an airport at or below which the vertical position of an aircraft is expressed in height above the airport reference datum.Chart Glossary %TRANSITION LAYERЄSChart Glossary -TRANSITION LEVEL (QNE)IThe lowest flight level available for use above the transition altitude.Chart Glossary -TRANSMISSOMETERхAn apparatus used to determine visibility by measuring the transmission of light through the atmosphere. It is the measurement source for determining runway visual range (RVR) and runway visibility value (RVV). (See Visibility.)Chart Glossary sA1. The intended direction of flight in the horizontal plane measured in degrees from north.2.The ILS localizer signal pattern usually specified as front course or back course. (See Bearing, Instrument Landing System, Radial.)3. The intended track along a straight,curved or segmented MLS PathRNAV is a magnetic course to a waypoint that must be intercepted and flownkF0рџІЅaЦtХђт‰-CONTROLLER (ICAO)=A person authorized to provide air traffic control service.  -7CONTROLLER/PILOT DATALINK COMMUNICATIONS (CPDLC) (ICAO)­A datalink application used to exchange, via datalink, ATS messages between air traffic controllers and flight crew. Two-way Datalink (TWDL) is an implementation of CPDLC.  -CONTROLLING RVRФControlling RVR means that RVR reports are used to determine operating minimums whenever operating minimums are specified in erms of RVR, and RVR reports are available for the runway being used.  %ICONVECTIVE SIGMET/CONVECTIVE SIGNIFICANT METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION (USA).ЬChart Glossary % COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME (UTC)/2Chart Glossary - COORDINATES“The intersection of lines of reference, usually expressed in degrees/minutes/tenths of minutes of latitude, use to determine position or location.Chart Glossary uCOURSE#sY\‡DK,Chart Glossary-COURSE (FAA-AIM)\The ILS localizer signal pattern usually specified as the front course or the back course.  - COURSE (KAL)‘The direction of the intended or required flight path from one fix or point to another measured in degrees from north (magnetic, true or grid).  -CRITICAL ENGINE (FAA)lThe engine whose failure would most adversely affect the performance or handling qualities of an aircraft.  -CRITICAL HEIGHTОLowest height in relation to an aerodrome specified level below which an approach or an interrupted approach procedure cannot be continued in a safe manner solely by the aid of instruments.Chart Glossary GAStraight line flight between two navigational aids, fixes, points or any combination thereof. When used by pilots in describing off-airway routes, points defining direct route segments become compulsory reporting points unless the aircraft is under radar control.RNAV a direct course from an aircrafts position to a waypointIFAџџ>JxX}MBAнt„HAUh\%DIRECT6GChart Glossary% DIRECT ROUTE7Chart Glossary%"DISCRETE CODE/DISCRETE BEACON CODE8НChart Glossary %DISCRETE FREQUENCY9GChart Glossary -DISPLACED THRESHOLDyA threshold that is located at a point on the runway other than the designated beginning of the runway. (See Threshold.)Chart Glossary -"DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME)žEquipment (airborne and ground) used to measure, in nautical miles, the slant range distance of an aircraft from the DME navigation aid. (See TACAN, VORTAC.)Chart Glossary %DME FIX:#Chart Glossary - ELEVATIONtThe vertical distance of a point or level, on or affixed to the surface of the earth, measured from Mean Sea Level.Chart Glossary -.ENROUTE FLIGHT ADVISORY SERVICE (FLIGHT WATCH)ЗA service specifically designed to provide, upon pilot request, timely weather information pertinent to his type of flight, intended route of flight and altitude. (See Flight Watch.)Chart Glossary% ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL (ICAO)<ЧChart Glossary %)FAA AIR CARRIER OPERATIONS SPECIFICATIONS=Chart Glossary% FAN MARKER>mChart Glossary - FEEDER FIXsThe fix depicted on Instrument Approach Procedure Charts which establishes the starting point of the feeder route.Chart Glossary - FEEDER ROUTEЖRoutes depicted on instrument approach procedure charts to designate routes for aircraft to proceed from the enroute structure to the initial approach fix (IAF). (See Arrival Route)Chart Glossary %FINAL APPROACH - IFR (USA)?sChart Glossary %FINAL APPROACH (ICAO)@чChart GlossaryЬEPџџ ^&р^„&XŠtМlbm­-*FORWARD VIS REF (Forward Visual Reference)ХRunway markings or runway lighting that provide the pilot with adequate visual reference to continuously identify the take-off surface and maintain directional control throughout the take-off run.Chart Glossary %#FUTURE AIR NAVIGATION SYSTEM (FANS)H$ %GATEWAYI6 -"GENERAL PURPOSE SYSTEM (GP) (ICAO)]Air-ground radiotelephony facilities providing for all categories of communication traffic.  -GLIDE PATH (ICAO)LA descent profile determined for vertical guidance during a final approach.Chart Glossary %GLIDE SLOPE (GS) (USA)J)Chart Glossary%)GLIDE SLOPE/GLIDE PATH INTERCEPT ALTITUDEKaChart Glossary GO AROUNDL%GREAT CIRCLE ROUTEM8Chart Glossary %+GRID MINIMUM OFF-ROUTE ALTITUDE (Grid MORA)NzChart Glossary % GROUND CONTROLLED APPROACH (GCA)O%Chart Glossary - GROUND SPEED?The speed of an aircraft relative to the surface of the earth.Chart Glossary -GROUND VISIBILITY(See Visibility.)Chart Glossary -H0LDING POSITIONSee Taxi-Holding Position.  -3HAZARDOUS INFLIGHT WEATHER ADVISORY SERVICE (HIWAS)•Is a broadcast of hazardous weather information (SIGMETs, Convective SIGMETs, AIRMETs, and urgent PIREPSa) on a continuous basis over selected VORs.Chart Glossary -HEADING’The direction in which the nose of the airplane points during flight.RNAV a magnetic heading to be flown. Headng legs are subject to wind driftChart GlossaryBР р AIR TRAFFI№ р)AREA MINIM  рCEILING (I№ рЕCONTROLLER` рPDIRECT@ рFLIGHT MANА№}H0LDING PO€ рЫ ICAO AIR T аM INSTRUMENTа аeMICROWAVE  рЭNAUTICAL M р–PARAMETERSа р6RACETRACK р рХSDF рc SQUAWK (MO рХ TERMINAL Cp№Ч TURN ANTICP рB№ р*AREA NAVIG+AREA NAVIG,ARRIVAL ROЄ ATS CLASS Ѕ ATS CLASS І ATS CLASS Ї ATS CLASS Ј ATS CLASS Љ ATS CLASS Њ ATS CLASS -ATS ROUTE.AUTOMATED ю AUTOMATED /AUTOMATIC AUTOMATIC Ћ Automatic ‘BEAM’BEARING“BLAST FENC”BLIND TRAN•BRAKING AC–BRAKING AC—CARDINAL A˜CATEGORY A™CATEGORY IšCATEGORY I›CAUTION ARœCEILING (FCEILING (IœCEILING (FCEILING (IB` рžCENTERŸCHARTED VIаCIRCLE-TO-бCIRCLING AвCIRCLING MгCLASS 1 NAдCLASS II NеCLEARANCE жCLEARANCE зCLEARED FOиCLEARWAY(FйCLOSED RUNкCODES/TRANлCOMBINED SмCOMMET нCOMMON TRAоCOMMUNICATпCOMMUNITY @COMPANY ROACOMPASS LOBCOMPASS LOCCOMPASS RODCOMPULSORYя CONDITIONAECONTERMINOFCONTINENTAGCONTINENTAHCONTROL AR@ CONTROL ZOЃ CONTROLLEDЕCONTROLLERB@ рЖCONTROLLERЗCONTROLLINИCONVECTIVEЙCOORDINATEКCOORDINATEЛCOURSEМCOURSE (FAНCOURSE (KAОCRITICAL EПCRITICAL HCRITICAL PCROSS (FIXCROSS (FIXCRUISE (FACRUISING ACRUISING LDANGER AREч DATABASE IDECISION ADECISION H DECLINATIO DEPARTURE DEPARTURE Ќ Departure DESCENT BE DF APPROACDF FIXDF GUIDANCPDIRECTWELEVATIONXENROUTE FL@Q TVOR/TERMIR TWO-WAY RAS UNCONTROLLT UNICOMU UTCV VARIATIONW VECTORъ VERTICAL DX VERTICAL NШ VERTICAL PY VERY HIGH Z VERY LOW F[ VFR AIRCRA\ VFR TOWER/] СVISIBILITYЩ VISIBILITY^ VISUAL APP_ VISUAL APP VISUAL APPЪ VISUAL APP‘ VISUAL DES’ VISUAL FLI“ VISUAL MET” VOLMET BRO• VOR/VERY H– VOR/VOR TE— VORTAC/VHF˜ VOT™ WARNING ARš WAYPOINT (› Z MARKERB р‰INTERMEDIAŠINTERMEDIA‹INTERNATIOŒINTERNATIOINTERNATIOŽINTERSECTIISOGONIC LN LAND AND H№LANDING DIёLANDING MIђLATITUDEѓLDAO LOCAL AIRPєLOCALIZERѕLOCALIZER іLOCATORїLONGITUDEјLOST COMMUљLOW ALTITUњLOW FREQUEћMACH NUMBEќMAGNETIC V§MAINTAINўMANDATORY џMANDATORY `MARKER BEAaMAXIMUM AUbMAYDAYcMEDIUM FREdMETERING FeMICROWAVE B рfMID RVRgMIDDLE MARhMILITARY OiMINIMUM CRjMINIMUM DEР MINIMUM DEkMINIMUM ENlMINIMUM EYmMINIMUM FLnMINIMUM HOoMINIMUM IFРMINIMUM OBСMINIMUM OFТMINIMUM REУMINIMUM SAФMINIMUM VEХMINIMUMS/MЦMISSED APPЧMISSED APPШMISSED APPЩMISSED APPЪMODE (SSR ЫMODE (USA)Ў MOUNTAINOUЭNAUTICAL M0NIGHT (USA1NO PROCEDU3NON DIRECT4NONPRECISI5NOTICE TO 6OBSTACLE CB р7RADAR ADVI8RADAR APPR9RADAR ARRI:RADAR ROUT;RADAR WEAT<RADIAL=RADIO>RADIO ALTI?RANDOM ARE`RAPID EXITaREFERENCE bREJECTED LcREMOTE COMdREMOTE COMeREPORTING fRESTRICTEDgREVERSAL PhRHUMB LINEiRMSjRNAV APPROkROUTElROUTE MINImROUTE SEGMnRUNWAYoRUNWAY EDGРRUNWAY EDGСRUNWAY MARТRUNWAY PROУRVRФRVVХSDFB€ рFLIGHT PATFLIGHT PLAFLIGHT SERFLIGHT TIMFLIGHT VISFLIGHT WATFLIGHT WATу FLY BY FIXф FLY OVER FE FLY-BY WAYF FLY-OVER WpFORWARD VIqFUTURE AIRrGATEWAYsGENERAL PUtGLIDE PATHuGLIDE SLOPvGLIDE SLOPG GLOBAL NAVH GLOBAL POSwGO AROUNDх GPS/GNSS Sц GPS/GNSS TxGREAT CIRCyGRID MINIMJ GRID MORA K GROUND COMzGROUND CON{GROUND SPE|GROUND VIS}H0LDING POBP рЛ TERMINAL RЦ TERMINAL VМ TETRAHEDROН THRESHOLDО THRESHOLD П TIME GROUP TOUCHDOWN TOUCHDOWN  TOUCHDOWN  TOWER ENRO TOWER/AIRP TRACK TRAFFIC IN TRAFFIC PA TRANSCRIBE TRANSITION TRANSITION TRANSITION TRANSITION TRANSITION TRANSITION TRANSMISSOP TRANSPONDEЧ TURN ANTIC TRANSITION TRANSITION TRANSITION TRANSITION TRANSMISSOP TRANSPONDEЧ TURN ANTICBр р—PAVEMENT C˜PILOT CONT™POSITIVE CšPOSITIVE C›PRECISION œPRECISION С PRECISION Т PREDEPARTUPREFERRED žPROCEDURE ŸPROCEDURE Џ PROCEDURE 0PROCEDURE/1PROFILE DE2PROHIBITED3QFE4QNE5QNH6RACETRACK BА№QDIRECT ROURDISCRETE CSDISCRETE FTDISPLACED UDISTANCE MA DIVERSE DEVDME FIXWELEVATIONXENROUTE FLYESTIMATED ZFAA AIR CA[FAN MARKER\FEEDER FIX]FEEDER ROU^FINAL APPR_FINAL APPRFINAL APPRFINAL APPRFINAL APPRFINAL APPRFINAL APPRB FINAL APPRD FINAL APPRFIXFLIGHT INFFLIGHT LEVFLIGHT MANtGLIDE PATHuGLIDE SLOPvGLIDE SLOPwGO AROUNDB  рЁAIR TRAFFIЂ AIR TRAFFIЂAIRCRAFT Aы AIRCRAFT AЃAIRCRAFT Cs €AIRCRAFT CЄAIRMET/AIRЋAIRPORT / ЅAIRPORT ADІAIRPORT ELЇAIRPORT RAЈAIRPORT REЉAIRPORT SUЊAIRPORT TRЌAIRWAY (ICь AIRWAY (US­ALERT AREAэ ALONG TRACЎALTERNATE ЏALTERNATE ALTIMETER !ALTITUDE ("ALTITUDE (#APPROACH C$APPROACH L%APPROVED (&APRON/RAMP'ARC(AREA MINIM)AREA MINIMBа рЮNAVAID CLAЯNIGHT (ICA0NIGHT (USA1NO PROCEDU3NON DIRECT4NONPRECISI5NOTICE TO 6OBSTACLE C7OBSTACLE Cш OBSTACLE D8OBSTRUCTIO9OBSTRUCTIO:OFF-ROUTE ;OFFSET PAR<ORGANIZED =OUTER COMP>OUTER FIX?OUTER MARKPAN’PAR APPROA“PARALLEL”PARALLEL O•PARALLEL R–PARAMETERS0PROCEDURE/1PROFILE DE2PROHIBITED3QFE4QNE5QNH6RACETRACK B№ р1ABEAM (ABM2ACCELERATE3ADEQUATE V4ADVISORY R5ADVISORY S6AERODROME 7AERODROME 8AERODROME 9AERONAUTIC:AERONAUTIC;AGONIC LIN<AIR DEFENS=AIR ROUTE>AIR ROUTE ?AIR TRAFFI AIR TRAFFIЁAIR TRAFFIЂAIRCRAFT AЃAIRCRAFT CЄAIRMET/AIRЋAIRPORT / ЅAIRPORT ADІAIRPORT ELЇAIRPORT RAЈAIRPORT REЉAIRPORT SUЊAIRPORT TRЌAIRWAY (IC­ALERT AREAЎALTERNATE ЏALTERNATE Bа аЬ ICAO AIR TЭ ICAO AIR TЮ ICAO AIR TЯ ICAO AIR T  ICAO AIR TЁ ICAO AIR T IFR DEPARTIFR TAKEOFILS CATEGO€ILS CATEGOL ILS CATEGOINITIAL AP‚INITIAL APƒINNER MARK„INSTRUMENT…INSTRUMENT†INSTRUMENT‡INSTRUMENTˆINSTRUMENTM INSTRUMENTB а~HAZARDOUS HEADINGHEIGHT ABOHEIGHT ABOHEIGHT ABOHELIPORTHERTZ (Hz)HIGH FREQUHIGH FREQUHIGH SPEEDHOLD/HOLDI HOLDING FI HOLDING PO HOMING (IC HOMING (USЫ ICAO AIR TЬ ICAO AIR T IFR DEPARTIFR TAKEOFILS CATEGO€ILS CATEGOL ILS CATEGOINITIAL AP‚INITIAL APƒINNER MARK„INSTRUMENT…INSTRUMENT†INSTRUMENT‡INSTRUMENTˆINSTRUMENTM INSTRUMENTBp№d STAGE II/Ip €STANDARDIe STANDARD Df STANDARD Iq €STANDARD Ig STANDARD Th STATION DEi STEPDOWN Fj STRAIGHT-Ik STRAIGHT-Il STRAIGHT-Im STRAIGHT-In SUBSTITUTEo SUNSET ANDФ SURFACE MOА SURVEILLANБ TACAN/TACTr €TAKE OFF DВ TAKE-OFF DГ TAKE-OFF RД TELECOMMUNЕ TERMINAL AЖ TERMINAL CХ TERMINAL C@Table1"Subject: џ œџџџdNotes:џџџџœџџџdSource 2œџџџdІ@OOOџџџOOOџџџB рЦSEGMENTS OЧSEGMENTS OШSEGMENTS OЩSELECTIVE щ SENSOR FINЪSIDESTEP MЫSIGMET INFЬSIGMET/SIGЭSIMPLIFIEDЮSIMULTANEOЯSINGLE DIR` SLANT RANGУ SPECIAL USa SPECIAL VFb SPEED ADJUc SQUAWK (MOd STAGE II/Ip €STANDARDIe STANDARD Df STANDARD Ig STANDARD Th STATION DEi STEPDOWN Fj STRAIGHT-Ik STRAIGHT-Il STRAIGHT-Im STRAIGHT-In SUBSTITUTEo SUNSET ANDФ SURFACE MOА SURVEILLAN|BInflight weather advisories issued only to amend the area forecast concerning weather phenomena which are of operational interest to all aircraft and potentially hazardous to aircraft having limited capability because of lack of equipment, instrumentation, or pilot qualifications. AIRMETS concern weather of less severity than that covered by SIGMETS or Convective SIGMETS. AIRMETS cover moderate icing, moderate turbulence, sustained winds of 30 knots or more at the surface, widespread areas of ceiling less than 1,000 feet and/or visibility less than 3 miles, and extensive mountain obscurement. (See SIGMET and Convective SIGMET.)}GџџiŽt|Іp‚шAhљpf5-AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL (AIC)nA service operated by appropriate authority to promote the safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic.Chart Glossary %-AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL ASSIGNED AIRSPACE (ATCAA) Chart Glossary %!AIRCRAFT APPROACH CATEGORY (ICAO) BChart Glossary%$AIRCRAFT CLASSIFICATION NUMBER (ACN) VChart Glossary %:AIRMET/AIRMAN'S METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION (USA) (AIM-FAA)|Chart Glossary%AIRPORT ADVISORY SERVICE (AAS)иChart Glossary -,AIRPORT ELEVATION/FIELD ELEVATION AERODROME шThe highest point of an airport's usable runways measured in feet from mean sea level, in a few countries, the airport elevation is determined at the airport reference point. (See Airport Reference Point, Touchdown Zone Elevation.)Chart Glossary %'AIRPORT RADAR SERVICE AREA (ARSA) (USA)\Chart Glossary -AIRPORT REFERENCE POINT (ARP)DA point on the airport designated as the official airport location.Chart Glossary - AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE RADAR (ASR)нApproach control radar used to detect an display an aircraft's position in the terminal area. ASR provides range and azimuth information but does not provide elevation data. Coverage of the ASR can extend up to 60 miles.Chart Glossary %AIRPORT TRAFFIC AREA (USA);Chart Glossary -AIRPORT / AERODROME™An area of land or water that is used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft, and includes its buildings and facilities, if any.Chart Glossary- AIRWAY (ICAO)ˆA control area or portion thereof established in the form of a corridor, the centerline of which is defined by radio navigational aids.Chart Glossary- ALERT AREA(See Restricted Airspace.)Chart Glossary %ALTERNATE AERODROME (ICAO)tChart Glossary-ALTERNATE AIRPORT (USA)cAn airport at which an aircraft may land if a landing at the intended airport becomes inadvisable.Chart Glossary ЬAWingspan Outer Main Gear Wheel SpanCode A Up to but not including 15m Up to but not including 4.5mCode B 15m up to but not including 24m 4.5m up to but not including 6mCode C 24m up to but not including 36m 6m up to but not including 9mCode D 36m up to but not including 52m 9m up to but not including 14mCode E 52m up to but not including 65m 9m up to but not including 14mCode F 65m up to but not including 80m 14m up to but not including 16m@Р р0 р HSP‘PPCб’TPˆVC~B­еє0 )STANDARDINSTRUMENTARRIVAL (STAR) (ICAO)ПA designated instrument flight rule IFR arrival route linking a significant point normally on an ATS route with a point from which a published instrument approach procedure can be commenced. *STANDARD INSTRUMENTDEPARTURE (SID) (ICAO)ШA deignated IFR departure route linking the aerodrome or a specified runway of the aerodrome with a specified point normally on a designated ATS Route at which the enroute phase of a flight commences "TAKE OFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE (TODA)UThe length of the take off run available plus the length of the clearway if providedAIRCRAFT CODES—ЬX„мIДЋ 0[П[Пч`5нˆi^X2 Бy!ŒxЉnЈXЋ˜ Mб}ЎЧШЌБэѕСП Гgь?пШ!”ИJљУ˜ЦЉФ†Т0М=#РН]о‘Б֘ѓ*Њ)шТЮ!GB#Ы %z&ЇЭ ф’сёЩЯя'Ž>1A)g*rкмxХЭ,/ƒ1нђGћыШ Њ3c5E7=яzќcщ:ш;Ÿ+M=Wцar?ДCѕDЇFPHTшiТь<"ю•IZ –$рKЬ” Mч!KOЬ,p>PjRIАSѕЫєTŒVю5X]V^d<m_Fъ`нBТSЋbРc‡[l—QCjЪ\3`tmšbhso:q‚rБs)еfhдt'v9wЉpEx4jьyT{АO};E€‚q–VƒЎ„+Žдtž5P№…‡‡фћ;g\C.Y 7"M?=Uj,W&Q9LЬ(S KE$OKШ *Ux>wДzЫ|ЮЬБ†m‡kГ AQe‰YŽё…–к—š†ІИЈhЋ@Џщ›JЯqŸDЃPm†ўЁUZ ZіnI@7 @†"Data.app!@‰.17@@1@`pаp1@аKPC(•VC @Yž @Y B џџP<$.JT*0.f:0LLL0-ACNAircraft Classification NumberJ -ACPAirlift Commend PostJ -AD AerodromeJ -ADAAdvisory AreaJ -ADFAutomatic Direction FindingJ -ADIZ Air Defense Identification ZoneJ -ADNL AdditionalJ -ADRAdvisory RouteJ -ADVAdvisory AreaJ -AEIS)Aeronautical Enroute Information ServiceJ -AERApproach End RunwayJ -AERADIO Air RadioJ -AERSArmed Forces Radio StationsJ -AESAerodrome Emergency ServicesJ -AF AuxAir Force Auxiliary FieldJ -AFBAir Force BaseJ yB џџ@^6BBLN6p8TV.L\v-AFEAbove Field Elevation K -AFIS%Aerodrome Flight Information ServiceJ -AFLAbove Field LevelJ -AFMAirplane Flight Manual K -AFNAmerican Forces NetworkJ -AFRCArmed Forces Reserve CenterJ -AFRNAlaskan Forces Radio NetworkJ -AFSAir Force StationJ -AFTN.Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network K -AGLAbove Ground LevelJ -AGNISAzimuth Guidance Nose-in-StandJ -AGTOW Allowable Gross Takeoff Weight K -AHPArmy HeliportJ -AIMAirman's Information Manual K -AIP%Aeronautical Information PublicationJ -AIRAC0Aeronautical Information Regulation and ControlJ жAџџ6*2RNX"8$D.Z$.4&-COPChange Over PointJ -CP Command PostJ -CP Critical Point K -Cpt Clearance (Pre-Taxi Procedure)J -CRM Cockpit Resource Management K -CRP#Compulsory Reporting Point or PostJ -CRS CourseJ -CRT Cathode Ray Tube K -CRZ Cruise K -CS/T Combined Station/TowerJ -CTA Control AreaJ -CTAF "Common Traffic Advisory FrequencyJ -CTL ControlJ -CTR Control ZoneJ -CVFR Controlled VFRJ -CW ClockwiseJ tensionJ BџџZ&R6^6P&fV>FF0"&-CARS "Community Aerodrome Radio StationJ -CAT CategoryJ -CATA Civil Aviation Training Area K -CBACross Border AreaJ -CCRP $Compulsory Company Reporting Point K -CCW CounterclockwiseJ -CDL Configuratfon Deviation List K -CElL CeilingJ -CERAP 'Combined Center/Radar Approach ControlJ -CFIT  Controlled Flight Into Terrain K -CFP Company Flight Plan K -CGAS Coast Guard Air StationJ -CGL Circling Guidance LightsJ -CHCritical HeightJ -CH ChannelJ -CHGD ChangedJ ЧAџџ2$(.,j2<@0d"(D 0-GRMRMS Glide SlopeJ -GRVDGroovedJ -GS Glide SlopeJ -GS Ground Speed K -GWT Gross WeightJ -H.Non-Directional Radio Beacon or High AltitudeJ -H2424 Hour ServiceJ -HAAHeight Above AirportJ -HATHeight Above TouchdownJ -HCCritical HeightJ -HDF)High Frequency Direction Finding StationJ -HDGHeadingJ -HEL HelicopterJ -HFHigh Frequency (3-30 MHz)J -HGTHeightJ -HIHigh (altitude)J BџџnF0L( NL@&B@4&R.-DEWIZ +Distance Early Warning Identification ZoneJ -DFDirection Finder (Finding)J -DHDecision HeightJ - DISPL THRESHDisplaced ThresholdJ -DIST DistanceJ -DLY DailyJ -DME Distance-Measuring EquipmentJ -DNIF Duty Not Involving Flight K -DOD Department of DefenseJ -DOM DomesticJ -DOW Dead Operating Weight K -DRDead Reckoning PositionJ -DSB Double SidebandJ -DSC  Descent K -DTW Dual Tandem Wheel Landing GearJ -DVOR Doppler VORJ BџџB.@†(J:@V(`F*",(-DW Dual Wheel Landing GearJ -EEast or EasternJ -EATExpected Approach TimeJ -ECOMS8Jeppesen Ў explanation of Common Minimum SpecificationsJ -ECON  Economy K -EEC Electrical Engine Control K -EEP ETOPS Entry Point K -EETEstimated Elapsed TimeJ -EFAS Enroute Flight Advisory ServiceJ -EFF EffectiveJ -EFIS %Electronic Flight Instrument System K -EGT Exhaust Gas Temperature K -ELEV ElevationJ -EM EmissionJ -EMERG EmergencyJ -EMP  Employee K ВA џџ.0<""2V$DJ:4,H"-KRMRMS LocalizerJ -KRMG  K Remaining K -KTKnotsJ -KTASKnots True AirspeedJ -KTS Knots K -KW KilowattJ -LLocator (Compass)J -LAHSO Land And Hold Short Operations K -LAT LatitudeJ -LAT/LON Latitude/longitude K -LBCMLocator Back Course MarkerJ -LBMLocator Back MarkerJ -LBS Pounds (Weight)J -LCLanding ChartJ -LCG Load Classification GroupJ -LCL Local K 3BџџfBN`HF*`RV,$4,,H-IFOB (Intemational Flight Operation Bulletin K -IFRInstrument Flight RulesJ -IFSSInt'l Flight Service StationJ -IFSS %Intemational Flight Service Station K -IGSInstrument Guidance SystemJ -ILSInstrument Landing SystemJ -IM Inner MarkerJ -IMC &Instrument Meteorotogical Conditions K -IMS Information Management System K -IMTA!Intensive Military Training AreaJ - IN or INSInchesJ -INBDInboundJ -INDEFLY IndefinitelyJ -INFO InformationJ -INOP InoperativeJ -INSInertial Navigation SystemJ пAџџ0d*JF *XH@&$&F&>-INTLInternationalJ -IR*Instrument Restricted Controlled AirspaceJ -IRR  Irregular K -IRS Inertial Reference System K -IRU Inertial Reference Unit K -ISIslandsJ -IU  Index Unit K -JBD#James Brake Decelerometer (Canada)J -JBIJames Brake Index (Canada)J -JSB Joint Standard Board K -KGS KilogramsJ -KGSPsee RMSJ -kHz KilohertzJ -KIASKnots Indicated AirspeedJ -KM KilometersJ -KMHKilometer(s) per HourJ :B#џџ"$FDZFHFND^DXD&T-MAXMaximumJ -MB MillibarsJ -MBOHMinimum Break oft HeightJ -MBZMandatory Broadcast ZoneJ -MC%Instrument Meteorological ConditionsJ -MCAMinimum Crossing AltitudeJ -MCAFMarine Corps Air FacilityJ -MCASMarine Corps Air StationJ -MCF Maintenance - Carry Forward K -MDAMinimum Descent AltitudeJ -MDA (H)"Minimum Descent Altitude (Height)J -MEAMinimum Enroute AltitudeJ -MEHT"Minimum Eye Height Over ThresholdJ -MEL Minimum Equipment List K -MEML MemorialJ -MER!True Height Above Mean Sea LevelJ B$џџ0X‚6D&d$$"&^2-OCL Obstruction Clearance LimitJ -OCNL OccasionalJ -OCTA Oceanic Control AreaJ -OCX Oceanic Clearance K -ODALS 'Omni-Directional Approach Light SystemJ -ODM Operation Data Manual K -OEW Operation Empty Weight K -OLF Outlying Field (Navy)J -OM Outer MarkerJ -ONS Omega Navigation System K -OPOperation or OperateJ -OPS Operations or OperatesJ - OP'S SPEC Operation Specification K -OPUS &Operation Performance Utility System K -OSV Ocean Station VesselJ -OTS Out-of-ServiceJ Ф@gNЈ6N"4(B* EASequivalent airspeed. FAA!Federal Aviation Administration. FM fan marker. IASindicated airspeed. INTintersection. LFRlow-frequency radio range. LOCILS localizer.@i‚P"J~< M mach number. MEAminimum en route IFR altitude. NDB(ADF)4nondirectional beacon (automatic direction finder). OEIone engine inoperative.`@iTable1 ColA1 џColB1ColA3ColB3ColA4 2ColB4 Index1ColA1 <eJ _B0џџ8,822‚T`8-SELCALSelective Call SystemJ -SER ServiceJ -SER Stop End of RunwayJ -SFC SurfaceJ -SIDStandard Instrument DepartureJ -SIWL Single Isolated Wheel LoadJ -Skd ScheduledJ -SLP Speed Limiting PointJ -SMStatute MilesJ -SMB Side Marker BoardJ -SNOWTAM Snow NotamJ -SOC Start of ClimbJ -SODALS 4Simplified Omnidirectional Approach Lighting SystemJ -SOF Simplitied Directional FacilityJ -SPAR&French Light Precision Approach RadarJ -SRASpecial Rules AreaJ B6џџH$JX,F@F"P`.PF"-TOSTraffic Orientation SystemJ -TRTrackJ -TR  Transit K -TRATemporary Reserved AirspaceJ -TRACON Terminal Radar Approach ControlJ -TRANS TransitionJ - TRANS ALTTransition AltitudeJ - TRANS LEVTransition LevelJ -TSATemporary Segregated AreaJ -TTL Total K -TUC Time Of Useful Consciousness K -T-VASI$Tee Visual Approach Slope IndicatorJ -TVOR Terminal VORJ -TWEBTranscribed Weather BroadcastJ -TWRTower (Aerodrome Control)J -TWYTaxiwayJ эA7џџ.:H<2:D"4(‚\:&>-A/A Air to AirJ -A/GAir to Ground RadioJ -AAFArmy Air FieldJ -AAIAngle of Approach IndicatorJ -AALAbove Aerodrome LevelJ -AASAirport Advisory ServiceJ -AB Air BaseJ -ABMAbeamJ -ABNAerodrome BeaconJ -AC Air CarrierJ -ACARS6Aircraft Communication Addressing & Reporting System K -ACAS$Airborne Collision Avoidance SystemK -ACCArea Control CenterJ -ACFT AircraftJ -ACLAllowable Cabin Load K њA.џџhXJ8NN( @($d4.*&-RATCF)Radar Air Traffic Control Facility (USN)J -RCAG !Remote Communications Air GroundJ -RCC Rescue Coordination CenterJ -RCL Runway CenterlineJ -RCLM Runway Center Line MarkingsJ -RCO Remote Communications OutletJ -RCVS ReceivesJ -RDO RadioJ -RDR Radar Departure RouteJ -REF ReferenceJ -REG RegularJ -REIL)Runway End Identifier Lights (Threshold)J-REP Reporting PointJ -RFRadio FacilityJ -RFLG RefuelingJ -RH Right HandJ ­BџџZZ2H>:bJhHDJb<ОB-ARTCC"Air Route Traffic Control Center K -ASDA#Accelerate Stop Distance AvailableJ -ASLAbove Sea LevelJ -ASRAirport Surveillance RadarJ -ATAActual Time ofArrivalJ -ATCAir Traffic ControlJ -ATCAA&Air Traffic Control Assigned AirspaceJ -ATCCAir Traffic Control CenterJ -ATCRBS(Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon SystemJ -ATCTAir Traffic Control TowerJ -ATDActual Time of DepartureJ -ATFAerodrome Traffic FrequencyJ -ATIS'Automatic Terminal Information ServiceJ -ATS Air Traffic ServiceJ -AT-VASISVASI Abbreviated Tee Visual Approach Slope Indicator (L or R indicates Runwy side)J-ATZ Aerodrome Traffic ZoneJ B4џ§T0B2,>nFP6F>&(ˆ-TAR!Terminal Area Surveillance RadarJ -TASTrue Air SpeedJ -TAT Total Air Temperature K -TCTransport CanadaJ -TC  True Course K -TCATerminal Control AreaJ -TCAS ,Traffic Alert & Collision Avoidance System K -TCHThreshold Crossing HeightJ -TCTATranscontinental Control AreaJ -TDZ Touch Down Zone K -TDZETouchdown Zone ElevationJ -TECTower Enroute ControlJ -TEL TelephoneJ -TEMP TemporaryJ -TERPs9United States Standard for Terminal Instrument ProcedureJ B:џџ4B>4& $*P "0(ЬВ-WEFWith Effect FromJ -WGS World Geodetic System K -WIEWith Immediate EffectJ -WIPWork In ProgressJ -WT Water TankJ -WXWeatherJ -X On RequestJ -Xmits TransmitsJ -YDSYardsJ -Z!Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)J -Z Z-MarkerJ -Z Zulu TimeJ -ZD Zone Distance K -ZT  Zone Time K HST - H\High Speed Taxi-way Turn-off with green centre line lights H indicates Taiway IdentifiationAIC0"Aeronautical Information CircularBџћD^F<^L8f>j242L-HzHertz (cycles per second)J -IIslandJ -I/V&Instrument/Visual Controlled AirspaceJ -IACInstrument Approach ChartJ -IAFInitial Approach FixJ -IAL&Instrument Approach and Landing ChartJ -IAPInstrument Approach ProceduiJ -IASIndicated AirspeedJ -IATA (Intemational Air Transport Association K -IBNIdentification BeaconJ -ICAO *Intemational Civil Aviation Organization K -ID Identification K -IDENTIdentificationJ -IFIntermediate FixJ -IFFIdentification Friend or FoeJ &B џџ,TDB>D„$(>>D2FHH-AIREP Air-ReportJ -AIS!Aeronautical Information ServiceJ -ALCEAirlift Control ElementJ -ALFAuxiliary Landing FieldJ -ALSApproach Light SystemJ -ALSAutomatic Landing SystemJ -ALSF - I5Approach Light System with Sequenced Flashing LightsJ-ALT AltitudeJ -ALTN AlternateJ -AMAArea Minimum AltitudeJ -AMSLAbove Mean Sea LevelJ -ANGBAir National Guard BaseJ -AOAAngle of Attack K-AOCAirport Obstruction ChartJ -AOEAirport/Aerodrome of EntryJ -AOMAirplane Operation Manual K Bџџ86>-LOLocator at Outer Marker SiteJ -LOCLocator / LocalizerJ-LOC "Localizer (Jeppesen abbreviation)J -LOMLocator Outer MarkerJ -LONG LongitudeJ -LSALT Lowest Safe AltitudeJ -LSB Lower SidebandJ -LT Local TimeJ -LTS LightsJ -MMetersJ -MAAMaximum Authorized AltitudeJ -MAG MagneticJ -MALS'Medium Intensity Approach Light SystemJ -MALSFGMedium Intensity Approach Light System with Sequenced Flashing LightsJ -MALSRNMedium Intensity Approach Light System with Runway Alignment Indicator LightsJ -MAPMissed Approach PointJ 4B/џџTP$l6jh0B@F6 24L-RL#Runway (edge) Lights Low IntensityJ-RLCE Request Level Change EnrouteJ -RMK RemarksJ -RMS ,Precision Approach System of Eastern EuropeJ -RNAV Area NavigationJ -RNG,Radio Range (LF or MF aural 4-course range)J -RNPC+Required Navigation Performance CapabilityJ-ROC Rate of ClimbJ -RPM Revolutions per MinuteJ -RRZ Radar Regulation ZoneJ -RSC Runway Surtace ConditionJ -RSP Responder BeaconJ -RTE RouteJ -RTF RadiotelephonyJ -RTG RadiotelegraphyJ -RTR Remote Transmitter/ReceiverJ ’@Table16Abbreviation: џ œџџџdNotes:џџџџœџџџdSource 2œџџџd"Arial$#O'! ›"Arial$#РOџџџ;s:џџџџœџџџdSource 2œџџџd^‘’“”•–—˜™š›œ p LMM pp$MCp>MLDW €P[NA`pvNTp“PANS-OPS0ЎPNR pСPTS АpйREF аPёRVR pSMрp"SVC €p=TEL pВTRCVpppUSNаpИVFE@P.VREF№pPC_џџ@Й‘ZNZP<*DZ@:R0: JSDFJapan Self Defence Force PLASIІPulsating Visual Approach Slope Indicator. normaly a single light unit projecting two (2) colours. (L or R) indicates left or right side of runway Normally Left side TRCVTri-Colour Visual Approach Slope Indicator, normally a single light unit projecting three (3) colours. (L or R indicates runway side only Normally Left side Calvert#Approach Lighting System (British) WGS-84World Geodetic System of 1984 ATD'Along Track Distance e.g. 6 NM to RW03 ATS RouteOfficially designated route CNFComputer Navigation Fix DPDeparture Point FACFFinal Approach Capture Fix STAR&Standard Termiinal Arrival Procedures EIUElectronic Interface Unit PFDPrimary Flight Display ISFD"Integrated Standby Flight Display ADCAir Data Computer SATStatic Air TemperatureЇBlџя>\84X 0nF„VX„R: VAdesign maneuvering speed. VB)design speed for maximum gust intensity. VCdesign cruising speed. VDdesign diving speed. VDF/MDF"demonstrated flight diving speed. VEFJthe speed at which the critical engine is assumed to fail duringtakeoff. VFdesign flap speed. VFC/MFC-maximum speed for stability characteristics. VFEmaximum flap extended speed. VH=maximum speed in level flight with maximum continuous power. VLE%maximum landing gear extended speed. VLO&maximum landing gear operating speed. VMC:.F&0,HB<(.8 MMOMaximum Mach Operating Speed MODModify PMCPower Management Control RNVArea Navigation (RNAV) RTORejected Takeoff SDFSimplified Direction Finding TETrailing Edge TRTraffic Resolution VLOFLift off Speed VMCGMinimum Control Speed Ground VMCAMinimum Control Speed Air VMOMaximum Operating Speed VRRotation Speed VREFReference Speed V1Takeoff Decision SpeedњA џћ@r>&b44">FB"JNH-AORArea of ResponsibilityJ -APAPI.Abbreviated Precision Approach Path IndicatorJ -APCArea Positive ControlJ -APCH ApproachJ -APMS(Airplane Performance Monitoring System K-APPApproach ControlJ -APRXApproximate(ly)J -APTAirportJ -APUAuxiliary Power Unit K -ARINCAeronautical Radio Inc.J -ARPAirport Reference PointJ -ARRArrivalJ -ARSAAirport Radar Service AreaJ -ARSRAir Route Surveillance RadarJ -ARTCAir Route Traffic ControlJ ПAџ,0(Ј*\"$(8 D(&J-AUTH AuthorizedJ -AUW All-up WeightJ -AUX AuxiliaryJ -AVASIJAbbreviated Visual Approach Slope Indicator (L or R indicates Runwy side)J-AVBL AvailableJ -AWOS #Automated Weather Observing SystemJ -AWY AirwayJ -AZM AzimuthJ -BC Back CourseJ -BCMBack CoUrse MarkerJ -BCNBeaconJ -BCOBBroken Clouds or BetterJ -BCST BroadcastJ -BDRY BoundaryJ -BFOBeat Frequency Oscillation K Aђџ6&B"N".p(4Df@-BHPBrake Horse PowerJ -BLDG BuildingJ -BOWBasic Operation Weight K -BRGBearingJ -BSBroadcast Station (Commercial)J -BTNBetweenJ -BUBusiness Unit K -C1ATC IFR Flight Plan Clearance Delivery FrequencyJ -C/S Call SignJ -C/W Continuous WaveJ -CABCivil Aeronautics Board J -CADIZ)Canadian Air Defense Identification ZoneJ-CAEControl Area ExtensionJ ћAпџ&4PH$@H^:"œ8FD-CWY ClearwayJ -DDayJ -DADecision AltitudeJ -DA (H) Decision Altitude (Height)J -DCS Departure Control System K -DCT Direct K -DD Department Of Defense K -DDG Dispatch Deviation Guide K -DDPG $Dispatah Deviation Procedure Guide K -DECMSND DecommissionedJ -DEG DegreeJ -DEMIZCDEW East Military Identification Zone (for military aircraft only)J -DEP Departure ControlJ - DEPARTUREDeparture ProcedureJ -DER Departure End of RunwayJ ЉAfџp42F2`4V^6,Ј V2Takeoff Safety Speed VatSpeed at Threshold LWISLimited Weather Information MFMandatory Frequency AAIM)Aircraft Autonomous Integrity Monitering ACAArctic Control Area Baro VNAVBarometric Vertical Navigation AWIB(Aerodrome Weather Information Broadcast CAScalibrated airspeed. CAT II Category II. CONSOL or CONSOLAN?a kind of low or medium frequency long rangenavigational aid.Bџп 2TX8" 6$>-ENGEngineJ -EOR End Of Runway K -EPR !Exhaust / Engine Pressure Ratio K-ESSpanish Speaking OnlyJ -ETA Estimated Time of ArrivalJ -ETD Estimated Time ot DepartureJ -ETE Estimated Time EnrouteJ -ETO Estimated Time Over K -ETOPS  Extended Two Engine Operations K -ETP Equal Time Point K -EXC ExceptJ -FICondenser Discharge Sequential Flashing Lights/Sequenced Flashing LightsJ -F/E Flight Engineer K -FAC FacilityJ -FACFinal Approach CourseJ ХAџя &H00BH62(r@>N-FLTFlightJ -FM Fan MarkerJ -FMS Flight Management System K -FO First Officer K -FOBFuel On Board K -FOD Foreign Object Damage K -FOM Flight Operations Manual K -FPLFlight Plan (ATC)J -FPMFeet Per MinuteJ -FREO FrequencyJ -FSCRS -Flight Safety Confidential Reporting System K -FSSFlight Service StationJ -FTFeetJ -FTSFlexible Track SystemJ -G Guards only (radio frequencies)J Bџџ.2"6X<8:0v^$4J:V-G/S  Glide Slope K -GAGeneral AviationJ -GALGallonsJ -GATO Gas At Takeoff K -GCA#Ground Controlled Approach (radar)J -GD General Declaration K -GEOGeographic or TrueJ -GMTGreenwich Mean TimeJ -GNDGround ControlJ -GND3Ground Surface of the Earth (either land or water)J-GNSS $Global Navigation Satellite System K -GP GlidepathJ -GP General Purpose K -GPS Global Positioning System K -GPU Ground Power Unit K -GPWS  Ground Proximity Waming System K №A'џяRH@T8Bx*,–6˜,*B02@L D/DDirect Descent DIR Direction EADI(Electronic Attitude Direction Indicator-EHSI)Electronic Horizotal Situation IndicatorB-F/DFlight DirectorB-FMAFlight ode AnnunciatorBэFPAFlight Path AngleB0-FPVFlight Path VectorBэHDG SELHeading SelectB0 HUDHead Up Display IPIntructor Pilot KCASKnots Calibrated Airspeed LRCLong Range Cruise MCPMode Control Panel MCTMaximum Continuous Thrust RNP Required Navigation Performance~Bџџ@`XnDDbhF>ZPJB4*-HIHigh Intensity (lights)J -HIALS%High Intensity Approach Light SystemJ -HIRL"High Intensity Runway Edge LightsJ -HIWAS,Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory ServiceJ -HJOperates Sunrise to SunsetJ-HNOperates Sunset to SunriseJ-HO*Operates to meet Operational RequirementsJ-hPa+Hectopascal (one hectopascal one millibar)J -HPZHelicopter Protected ZoneJ -HRHours (period of time)J -HS%During Hours of Scheduled OperationsJ -HSIHorizontal Situation IndicatorJ -HSTHigh Speed Taxi-way Turn-offJ-HTZHelicopter Traffic ZoneJ -HXIrregular ServiceJ -HYD  Hydraulic K /B!џџH:HRJ@FH$$>\x@>&-LCNLoad Classification NumberJ -Lctr Locator (Compass)J -LDALanding Distance AvailableJ -LDA Localizer type Directional AidJ -LDILanding Direction IndicatorJ -LDIN Lead-in Light SystemJ -LFLow Frequency (30-300 kHz)J -LFR Low Frequency Range (RNG)J -LH Left HandJ -LIFR Low FRJ -LIM Locator Inner MarkerJ -LLWAS "Low Level Wind Shear Alert SystemJ -LLZ4Localizer (ICAO abbreviation, not used by Jeppesen)J-LMM Locator Middle MarkerJ -LNAV Lateral Navigation K -LNDG LandingJ @&џџB\TFV(^0PJ>.NLP:-MTA Military Training AreaJ -MTCA #Minimum Terrain Clearance AltitudeJ -MTMA Military Terminal Control AreaJ -MTOW Maximum Take-off WeightJ -MTWA Maximum Total Weight AuthorizedJ -MUN MunicipalJ -MUTA $Military Upper Traffic Control AreaJ -MVFR Marginal VFRJ -MWARA Major Worid Air Route Area K -MZFW Maximum Zero Fuel Weight K -NNight, North or NorthernJ-NANot AuthorizedJ -NAAS Naval Auxiliary Air StationJ -NADCNaval Air Development CenteIРrJ-NAEC Naval Air Engineering CenterJ -NAF Naval Air FacilityJ œA+/џF:*284:J88R>F-PDC Pre-departure Clearance K -PDRPredetermined RouteJ -PERM PermanentJ -PF Pilot - Flying K -PIC Pilot In Command K -PIREP Pilot Report K -PISTON Piston AircraftJ -PJE Parachute Jumping ExerciseJ -PNF Pilot Not Flying K -PNF Pilot Not Flying K -PNI Pictorial Nsvigstion IndicatorJ -PNRPrior Notice RequiredJ -POM Pilot Operations Manual K іA(џџJ6::J0*`>**,<,-OTS Oceanic Transition System K -PA Public Address K -PACOTS Pacific Organized Track System K -PANS-OPS=Procedures for Air Navigation Services - Aircraft OperationsJ -PAPAParallax Aircraft Parking AidJ -PAPI"Precision Approach Path IndicatorJ -Par ParallelJ -PARPrecision Approach RadarJ -PBE Protective Breath Equipment K -PCA Positive Control Area K -PCLPilot Controlled LightingJ -PCNPavement Classification NumberJ -PCZPositive Control ZoneJ jAkTЬ(\dАxZNZ@@<::>F CEPACCentral Pacific PMSPerformance Management System RVSM$Reduced Vertical Seperation Mimimum AOCAir Operators Certificate JAR-OPS%Joint Aviation Regulatory Operations JAAJoint Aviation Authority US-TERPS"United States Terminal Procedures CVFP Charted Visual Flight Procedure PVI /PVD!Para Visual Indicators / Display FSRFlight Safety Regulations CPLCommercial Pilots Licence ATPAirline Transport Pilot APLAirline Pilots Licence PPLPrivate Pilots Licence AWASAirborne Warning System CATACivil Aviation Trainng AreaІA,оџ(B@HP*,<.&B.> CDUControl Display Unit FMCFlight Management Computer EICAS+Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System-ADIAttitude Director IndictorB-AFDS!Autopilot Flight Director SystemB-AFS4Automatic Flight System (Autopilot or Autothrottle)B AH Alert Height-ALT ACQAltitude AcquireB-ALT HOLDAltitude HoldB ANPActual Navigational Performanc-ASAAutoland status IndicatorB ASIAirspeed Indicator-A/T AutothrottleB B/CRS Back Course CAACivil Aviation Authority-CWSControl Wheel SteeringB%B\ўџ2<@:jd:j0dbN(< PNRPoint of no Return SRMStructure Repair Manual DDLDispatch Deviation Manual ADAirworthiness Directive AMOS.Automated Meteorological Observation Services CIR Circling CPDLC*Controller Pilot Data Link Communications CVRCockpit Voice Recorder DATIS-Digital Airport Terminal Information Service DGPSDifferential GPS ECAM+Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitering EGPWS)Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System EPNL Effective Percieved Noise Level HFDL HF Data Link HGSHead Up Guidance SystemЯA5џџ"&D24DB$H2>,4L0B-TFCTrafficJ -THR ThresholdJ -TIZTraffic Information ZoneJ -TLTransition LevelJ -TM Training Manual K -TMATerminal Maneuvering AreaJ-TMCTerminal Control CenterJ -TML TerminalJ -TMZTransponder Mandatory ZoneJ -TNATransition AreaJ -TO/GA Takeoff/go-around K -TOC To of Climb K -TOD Top of Descent K -TODATake-off Distance AvailableJ -TOF Takeoff Fuel K -TORATake-off Run AvailableJ BRџџPDD:V*L8^.(DFPИv ISA"International Standard Atmosphere JARJoint Aviation Requirements LIRLLow Intensity Runway Light MACMean Aerodynamic Chord NADP$Noise Abatement Departure Procedure NILNo Item Listed PRM Precision Runway Moniter System QARQuick Access Recorder SOIA(Simultaneous Offset Instrument Approach ULDUnit Load Device VDLVHF Data Link WGDWindshield Guidance Display-TCFTerrain Clearance FloorGPWS-TADTerrain Alerting and DisplayGPWS P-RNAVSPrecisiion RNAV Area NavigationAccuracy of Б 1 nm for at least 95% of flight time B-RNAV2Accuracy of Б 5nm for at least 95% of flight timeшBqџџ`F”JLLN\hThfXTZN RNP-RNAV%RNP values typically 0.3nm and 0.1nm IF (Path Terminator) Initial Fix CF (Path Terminator)3Course to fix (Does not have a beginning waypoint) TF (Path Terminator) Track to fix DF (Path Terminator)Direct to fix RF (Path Terminator)Radius to fix FA (Path Terminator)Fix to altitude HF (Path Terminator)Hold to Fix (and exit) HA (Path Terminator)Hold to altitude (and climb) HM (Path Terminator)Hold for clearance PI (Path Terminator)Procedure turn to intercept CA (Path Terminator)Course to altitude (climb) CI (Path Terminator)Course to intercept CD (Path Terminator)Course to DME Arc CR (Path Terminator)Course to VOR Radial FC (Path Terminator)Course from fixB`p—ADR№pЎAIPрPХAPPpнATS АpћC/S PpCCW рpCIG @p"CP €p6DCT 0pИDP PaEOR 0`yFD РpGрpЋHDG@pОHXpиIMS 0pэKIASаpСPTS АpсRLCE аPSELCALрpSTI€p?TERPs p_TWYpp}VHFаpW/T№pB№p1A/A2A/GќA/T3AAF4AAITAAIM5AAL6AAS7AB8ABM9ABN:ACUACA;ACARS<ACAS=ACC>ACFT?ACLACN‘ACP’ADєAD“ADAОADC”ADFѓADI•ADIZ–ADNL—ADRžAF AuxŸAFBBАpЦAPRXЧAPTШAPUЩARINCЫARPЬARRЭARSAЮARSRЯARTCаARTCCњASAбASDAћASIвASLгASRоAT-VASIдATAеATCжATCAAзATCCиATCRBSйATCTкATDЕATDлATFмATISЋATPнATS лATFмATISнATS BPpЖATS RouteпATZ рAUTH сAUW тAUX уAVASIфAVBL ЎAWASWAWIBхAWOS цAWY чAZM Я0B-RNAV§B/CRSVBaro VNAVшBCщBCMъBCNыBCOBьBCSTэBDRYюBFOёBHPєBLDGѕBOWіBRGїBSјBTNљBUњCћC/S B0`KDRLDSB MDSC NDTW ODVOR PDW QEEADIaEASREATћECAMSECOMSTECON UEEC VEEP WEETXEFAS YEFF ZEFIS ќEGPWS[EGT EHSIђEICASЛEIU\ELEV ]EM^EMERG _EMP `ENGaEOR \ELEV BРp§EPNLbEPR ERSAcESdETA eETD fETE hETOPS gETO iETP jEXC kFF/DlF/E &0FA (Path TbFAAnFACoFACЙFACFpFAFqFAK rFAMsFAPtFARuFAS/0FC (Path TvFCC wFCOM xFCPFD (Path TyFD BрpzFIC{FIR|FIS}FL~FLDFLG€FLTFMcFMFM (Path TFMAёFMC‚FMS „FOB…FOD †FOM ƒFO FPA‡FPLˆFPMFPV‰FREOŠFSCRS ЉFSR‹FSSFTŽFTSG‘GA’GAL“GATO B0pПHYD РHzСIТI/VУIACФIAFХIALЦIAPЧIASfIASШIATA ЩIBNЫICAO ЭIDENTЬID ЮIF!0IF (Path TЯIFFаIFOB бIFRвIFSSгIFSS дIGSеILSжIMзIMC иIMS лINBDмINDEFLYнINFOоINOPB€P%MCA&MCAF'MCAS(MCF  MCPMCT)MDA*MDA (H)+MEAwMEA,MEHT-MEL .MEML/MER0MET1METAR2MFSMF4MHA5MHz3MH 6MIALS7MIL8MIM 9MIN :MIN ;MIRL <MKR =Ml>MLDW ;MIRL B`p?MLS @MLW AMM BMMEL  MMOCMNPS EMOA FMOCA!MODGMORA HMOTIMPH JMPS KMPW LMRA MMSANMSL OmtPMTA QMTCA RMTMA SMTOW TMTWA UMUN VMUTA WMVFR XMWARA YMZFW ZN[NA[NABp\NAAS ]NADCФ0NADP^NAEC _NAF`NALF aNAP bNAR cNARLdNAS eNAT gNAT'L fNAT/OTS iNAVAID hNAV jNCRP |NDB(ADF)kND Х0NILmNM nNML oNo pNOF qNOPAC rNoPT sNOTAMtNOTOC uNPvNTyO/AzO/R B0wNTSBxNWC yO/AzO/R {O/T |OAC}OBST~OCAOCA (OCH)€OCL OCNL ‚OCTA ƒOCX „ODALS …ODM ~OEI†OEW ‡OLF ˆOM ‰ONS ŠOPŒOP'S SPEC ‹OPS OPUS ŽOSV OTS OTS Ю0P-RNAV’PACOTS “PANS-OPS™PCA BаPЈPVI /PVDТPVT Ч0QARУQDM ФQDR ХQFE QGEЦQNEЧQNHЩQRH QTEQTFQUJЪRЫR-063 or 0ЬRAЭRAILЮRAPCONЯRARаRATCF’RBNбRCAG вRCC гRCL дRCLM ”RCLSеRCO жRCVS зRDO иRDR йREF @УVSФVS0ХVS1ЦVTOSS‡VVˆVVl ЧVXШVY‰WŠW&B ‹W/oPСŒW/PW/TŽWDIWEWEFЫ0WGDДWGS-84‘WGS ’WIE“WIP”WT•WX–X—Xmits˜YDS™ZšZ›ZœZD ZT B€p SMB SNOWTAM SOC SODALS SOF Ш0SOIASPARSR-SSSRASRASREђSRMSRZSRZSSSSALFSSALRSSALSšSSALSRSSBSSRSSTST-INКSTARSTDStdSTI STN!STOL"SVC STIB p#SW$SWY%T&t'T[T-VASI(T/O*TA,TA/RA -TACAN›TACANЭ0TAD.TAF /TAPF0TAR1TAS2TAT +TA 3TC5TCA6TCAS Ь0TCF7TCH8TCTA4TC ;TDZEžTDZL:TDZ &TE<TEC=TELBpp>TEMP?TERPs#0TF (Path @TFCATHRBTIZCTLETMAFTMCGTMLHTMZDTM ITNAJTO/GA KTOCMTODALTOD NTOF OTORAPTOSQTR'TRSTRATTRACONUTRANSVTRANS ALTWTRANS LEVВTRCVXTSAYTTL ZTUC BpHDG SELЌHEL­HF'0HF (Path TўHFDLџHGSЎHGTЏHIАHIБHIALSВHIRLГHIWASДHJ)0HM (Path TЕHNЖHOЗhPaИHPZЙHRКHSЛHSIМHSTžHST - HНHTZ HUDОHXBаpRTR XTSAYTTL ZTUC \TVORŸTVOR]TWEB^TWR_TWY)TА`U aU/SbUAAcUACCdUADeUARfUDAgUFNhUHFiUICjUIRЩ0ULDkUNCT'LlUNICOM mUNLІUS-TERPSnUSAFoUSBpUSNvV/V/V1BPp§LCŸBpAIPЏAIRACАAIREPБAISВALCEГALFДALSЕALSЖALSF - IЗALTїALT ACQјALT HOLDИALTNЙAMAѕAMOSКAMSLЛANGBљANPМAOAНAOCЃAOCОAOEПAOMРAORСAPAPIТAPCУAPCHЌAPLФAPMSХAPPB@pG/S ‘GA’GAL“GATO ”GCA•GD –GEO—GMT˜GND™GNDšGNSS ›GPGPS žGPU ŸGPWS œGP  GRMЁGRVDЂGSЃGS ЄGWTЅHІH24(0HA (Path TЇHAAЈHATЉHCЊHDFЋHDGЎHGTЏHIB€pCIQ іCIRCIV CLCLB CLSDCMNPSЗCNFCOCOARCOMLOCOMM COMSNDCON^CONSOL or CONT CONT COORD COP!CPїCPDLCЊCPL#Cpt "CP $CRM %CRP&CRS 'CRT (CRZ )CS/T *CTA BрP˜ADV™AEISšAER›AERADIO œAERSAESAF (Path TžAF AuxŸAFBєAFDS AFEЁAFISЂAFLЃAFMЄAFNЅAFRCІAFRNЇAFSѕAFSЈAFTNЉAGLЊAGNISЋAGTOWіAHЌAHPŸAIC­AIMЎAIPМAOAНAOCОAOEBАpёPNRЏPOM БPOSN ВPPI­PPLГPPO ДPPR ЖPQS Ц0PRMЗPROC ИProj ЙPROP КPROV ЛPSN МPSP НPTОPTO ПPTS СPTS BрpЂRVSMђRVV ѓRWYєSѕSABH іSALS їSALSF јSAP љSAR ПSATњSAWRS ћSCA ќSCATANA§SCOB %SDFўSEC џSEL SELCALSER SER SFC SIDSIWL Skd SLP SMB p”PAPA•PAPI–Par—PAR‘PA ˜PBE ™PCA šPCL›PCNžPCZ PDC ЁPDRЂPERM МPFDЃPF *0PI (Path ЅPIC ЈPIREP ЉPISTON ЊPJE БPLASI"PMCЁPMSЋPNF ЌPNF ­PNI ЎPNRНPTОPTO ПPTS СPTS B pюKMяKMH№KRMёKRMG ђKTѓKTASєKTS ѕKWіLїLAHSOјLATљLAT/LON њLBCMћLBMќLBS §LCBpкREG лREILмREP нRF%0RF (Path оRFLG пRHрRLсRLCE тRMK уRMS фRNAV хRNGRNP 0RNP-RNAVцRNPC#RNVчROC шRPM –RRщRRZ ъRSC ыRSP ьRTE эRTF юRTG $RTOяRTR №RTS ёRVR SELCALBаpйIMTAкIN or INSлINBDмINDEFLYнINFOоINOPпINSkINTрINTL IPсIRтIRR уIRS фIRU хISР0ISAНISFDцIU ЅJAAС0JARЄJAR-OPSчJBDшJBIщJSB АJSDF KCASъKGSыKGSPьkHzэKIAS§LCBpLNAV LNDG LOLOCoLOCLOC LOMLONG LRCLSALT LSB LTLTS RLWISMqMMAAУ0MACMAGMALSMALSFMALSRMAP MAX!MB"MBOH#MBZ$MCBppўLCG џLCL LCNLctr 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CIG BB%яџ\.TrDblP28FJ<2@-MLW $Maximum Certificated Landing WeightJ -MM Middle MarkerJ -MMEL Master Minimum Equipment List K -MNPS .Minimum Navigation Performance SpecificationsJ -MOA Military Operation AreaJ -MOCA'Minimum Obstruction Clearance AltitudeJ -MORA +Minimum Off-Route Altitude (Grid or Route)J -MOTMinistry of Transport (Canada)J -MPH Miles per HourJ -MPS Meters per SecondJ -MPW Maximum Permitted WeightJ -MRA Minimum Reception AltitudeJ -MSAMinimum Safe AltitudeJ-MSL Mean Sea LevelJ -mtmetric ton (2204.6 Ibs)J †Bџ~LPLTfRXZLb ZHN FD (Path Terminator)Fix to DME arc FM (Path Terminator)Vectors from fix AF (Path Terminator)DME Arc to fix VD (Path Terminator)Heading to DME arc VA (Path Terminator)Heading to altitude (climb) VM (Path Terminator)Heading (Vectors) VI (Path Terminator)Heading to intercept VR (Path Terminator)Heading to VOR radial QTE a true bearing of the aircraft, QUJ+true heading to be steered by the aircraft QTFJposition in relation to a point of reference or in latitude and longitude QGE'a specified point using the signal QDM ERSAEnroute Supllement Australia AIP!Aeronautical Information PackageA‚qnЅ)= !?н’™f6§ek-љgКiљ˜—Ykт ф oŽ8qЯr KyE4ЃияЫ{•:Йѕ‚ёќ}сtщсƒK€š‰B‹o+ы<oєЙ0њ…!Š#y%h',2R‡Z^Mxч~эPП:Љtуzщbб€яJЙrсTУhзfеNНBБ\Ы`ЯdгDГLЛLЂpпXЧ6Ѕ8ЇZЩ|ыT@VХ<ЋЫŸlлRСВ™wFЕUd@ЏvхVm@HЗц…>­Ќaг“nн^Эг›jйЦѓPm†ўЁUц\+Юs @ @†"Data.app@‰.1–Fџџ^тfЄЉЎ8œ№XТштађХHorsepower to WattsHP x 745.7w or 0.7457kwХTransport Wander deg/hrUmoving E-W GS(kts) x tan.lat/60any other track diff long x sin. mean lat/flight timeХHoriz Hard Iron= New Dev/Old Dev = Old H/New HХISA Temp Conversion: ((Flt Lvl/1000) x -2) +15= ISA temp in CА Minimum -56.5АCKinetic Energy4Ek=НmvВwhere m = mass of object v = speed of objecta- "Times New RomanХ Lift FormulaFL =CL НrhoVВзSCL = co-eff of liftrho = densityv = velocityS = areaХ Mach Angle = 1/sin.Mach#е MagnetismвCo-C= (Dev N + Dev S)/2Dev North + Dev South = Dev East + Dev West Dev B = Co-B x sin.hdg Dev C = Co-Cxcos.hdg Tot Dev = A + (B.sin.hdg) + (C.cos.hdg) Max Pos Dev=360-(b/ctan-') Max Neg Dev=180-(b/ctan-')BDeviation West, Compass Best (+) Deviation East, Compass Least (-)Х% MACDdist CG from Datum - dist LE from Datum x 100/mean aerodynamic chordеOne in 60 RuleangleА/60 = Dist Off/Dist AlongEOne degree off track for 60nm will result in 1 nm distance off track.Х Parasite Drag= CDp x НrhoVВ x S newtonsХPNR timeTTotal Endurance x GSR /GSR + GSO ( GSO = Groundspeed Out; GSR = Groundspeed Return)Х PNR distancec= Total Endurance in Kg/ (Kg / GNMO + Kg / GNMR) ( GNMO = Ground NM Out; GNMR = Ground NM Return )Power Factor (elec.)Pf =True Power /Apparent> Power required= CD x НrhoVВ x S watts<›ХPressure Convertinga14.7 psi = 1013.25 hPa = 29.92" mercury inches mercury x 33.86 = hPa hPa = inches mercury/33.86 @<ъ‘CџџlМFLШ:vH2rІЖl4LХHectopascals (hPa)Inches to hPa multiply by 33.86ХINS Radial Error RateDnm/hr= Dist hetween Ramp Pos and INS Pos (nm) / Time INS in Nav ModeХKnot1 knot equals 1.150779 mphХLoad Factor (G)=1 / cos.bankangleХLocal Speed of Sound (LSS)E= 38.945 x sqrt (coat + 273)coat = corrected outside air temperatureХ Mach Number M = TAS / LSSХ Mass Flow-= a.v.r (a = area, v = velocity, r = density)Х Mean Chord= span / aspect ratioХModulation Depth3= (Amplitude of Audio x 100) / Amplitude of CarrierХMoment= Weight x ArmХMomentum,p = mv (p = momentum, m =mass, v = velocity)Х Time to NDBC= (60 x Minutes flown between bearings) / Degrees of bearing changeХDistance to NDBG= TAS or GS x Minutes flown betweenbearings / Degrees of bearing changeХPower,= Force x Dist time (in Joules/sec or Watts)ХRam Rise = (tas /100)ВХ Ram Air Temp= SAT + % of Ram rise@а`@ъ€BCРUC` @<ъrn HemisphereEџџ\ўєFКБФ†b>6^ЌJš>ХContinuity equationrho x A x V = constantХConvergence (Nav)i= Change in Long x Sin. Mean Lat  = difference between initial & Final GC Tracks = 2 x conversion angleХCoriolis Forceg= VpZasinLat where V = wind speed; p = density; a = angular velocity of earth's rotation Lat = latitudeХCurrent Electric (Amps)I = V/RХDescent Rate RateGfpm = (GlideslopeАxGSx1OO)/ 60 Rate for a 3А slope is IAS / 2 or IASx5ХHDeviation The angular distance between Compass North and Magnetic North.пDev North + Dev South = Dev East + Dev West Co-efficient A = Sum of Deviations / No of deviations Co-Efficient B = (Dev E + Dev W) / 2 Co-Efficient C = (Dev N + Dev S) / 2 Dev B = Co-B x sin.hdg Dev C = Co-C x cos.hdgХDistance between pointsFd= acos(sin(latl) x sin(lat2)+cos(lat) x cos(lat2) x cos(longl-long2))ХDistance to Delay-= (delay x old GS x new GS) / diff in GS x 60ХDry Adiabatic Lapse RateAverage 3Аc / 1000'.ХDynamic Pressure Pd =НrhoVВХEnergy KineticE = НmvВХPotential Energy= mgh (mass x gravity x h)ХForceL= area x pressure f=ap or= mass x acceleration f=mais measured in Newtons.Х G-force (G)= l / cos. bank angleХ Gust Factor=Range of fluctuation between gusts and lulls / mean windspeedХ Impedance= Volts / Amperes7C џx\BRNZDFRZv€ЄXе Acceleration 1g = 9.8 m/sThe rate of change of velocityХTrue Airspeed TAS(1.75 x 1000' alt) + IASХSinSin =Opposite/HypotonueseХ Cosine CosCos = Adjacent/HypotonueseХ Tangent TanTan = Opposite/AdjacentХAir Nautical Miles ANMANM = TAS/GS x GNMХApparent Drift15 x Sin Lat/hrХApparent Topple15 x Cos Lat/hrХ Area Circle= pi R squaredR = radiusХArea Square or Rectanglelength x breadthХ Aspect Ratio*= Span/Chord or Area/Average Chord squaredХBallast to addrOriginal Gross Weight x(Distance between desired CG and Actual CG / Distannce between actual FS loaded and desiredХBank Angle rate 1*10% TAS + 7Tan angle = V/gravity x radiusGravity = 32.2 fps29  ХBernoullis EquationP + Нr VВ = constantHDџ5€IД\6Мў`‚Ъ‚zХ Radar Range}Propagation distance nm = speed x time / 2 where speed = 0.162 nm/sec Only divide by 2 if measuring out and back distance.ХRadio Altimeeter+Change of Freq /Rate of Freq change = timeХResistance (Elec.){Series : Rt = Vt /ItParallel : Rt = R /n Vt = total volts, It = total ampsRt = total resistance n = number of resistorsХReynolds NumberFRe= pvl/u r = density, v = velocity, 1 = chord length, u = viscosityХ Scale maps= Chart length / Earth distanceХSpeed= Distance / TimeХStall Speed (level flight)?Vs = sqrt of (2 x weight / CLmax S rho)S = area, rho = densityХVHF max range nmj= 1.25 /xmitter ht(ft) + 1.25 /receiver ht (ft) To double the range the power must be increased fourfold.ХVoltage formulaV = IR (Volts = Amps x Ohms)ХWeight6w = mg (w = weight, m = mass, g = gravitational force)ХWork\w=fs where w = work measured in newton metres or joules, f= force (N) and s = distance (m).ХWork Electrical-P= VI (P = work(watts), V = volts, I = amps)Х Bypass Ratio,BPR= duct mass flow / primary path mass flowCћZrx~TzТz|ОХResistance (Elec.)Ohms = Amperes / VoltsХ Slant Range)(nm)В = Ground Range(nm)В + Altitude(nm)ВХStall speed in a bank"Vsfb = Vs /sqrt cosb bank angle=bХStatic Air Temperature SAT SAT = Total Air Temp - Ram Rise.ХTAS"= IAS + (1.75kt x every 1000' alt)ХTemperature Conversion"FА= (CАx 9/5)+32 CА=(АF-32) x 5/9ХThrust FormulamT=pvВs(v1 - v2) p = density, s = exhaust cross-sectional area, v1 = intake velocity, v 2 = exhaust velocity.ХThrust Gas TurbineJT=M(Vgas-Va) Thrust is related directly to mass flow and directly to TAS.ХThrust Horse Power&T HP =Net Thrust x Velocity (fps) /550ХVertical Speed+= px/w where px = excess power, w = weightХWeight to be ShiftedFW/shift(kg) = gross wt (kg) x (chng in CG) / dist between the stationsјB џўHj,<,ffFNrNŒh\ХChart Convergence= ch.log x CCFХChart Covergency Factor= sin.Parrallel of OriginХCircle Diameter2rХCircle Circumference2pi rХ Circle Areapi r ВХ Cloud Base$(Dry bulb TАC - Wet bulb TАC) x 410'ХCo-efficent of LiftCLmax = weight/(НrhoVВ x S)ХMachTAS / local speed of soundХRectified Air Speed RAS = Нrho TASВХ Continuity*rho x Sectional Area з Velocity = ConstantХConversion angle = 1/2 convergenceХConversion angle1= diff between Great Circle and Rhumb Line tracksХConversion angle= % ch.long x sin.mean.latitudeеCritical Point3CPdist =total dist x GS Return / GS out x GS Return@Note usually use a reduced Ground Speed e.g one engine out speedХ Departure nm= ch.long x 60 x cos.mean.latD џїvvtЮ‚ш^œLdЌŒVОvХDeviation Total'Tot Dev = A + (B.sin.hdg) + (C.cos.hdg)ХDeviation Max PositiionMax Pos Dev = 360 - (b/c tan-Й)ХDeviation Maximum NegativeMax Neg Dev= 180-(b/c tanЙ)еDistance to Horizon= 1.17 x sqrt(height(ft))5For height in feet and distance to the horizon in nm:е Distance Out$= GS x time(min) / change of bearing NDB and VORе Drag Total$= Coeff of drag x НrhoVВ x S newtons@Comprises of Induced Profile/Parasite Interference and Wave dragХ Drift Gyro Apparent drift = 15 x sin.lat/hrеEarth Rotational Wander ERW=15xsin.lat/hrNegative in Northern hemisphereХFineness ratio= chord / thicknessХFloor Load Max Load = Area x Floor load limitеRate of Descent= GlideslopeА x GS x 1OO / 60$Rate for a 3А slope is (IAS x 5) fpmеApparent Topple Gyrodeg/hr = 15.cos.latdoes not occur at equatorХApparent drift /ERWdeg/hr = 15.sin.latе Total Drift= real drift + apparent drift1ERW + Lat Rider nut correction + transport wanderХLatitude Correction#Positive in the Northern HemisphereB<ГII!IДK"KЏLЕL#L$L—MЖMЗM%M&M'M(M)M*MЙOКPЛPМPНPОPПPP-P™RЊRрRсRтRуR.R/R0R2SфSхSцS1S3S4S1T4TЎTБT+T5T6T7T8T9TчVшV:VщWъWыW;WщWъWыWBа` H№@q@iTable1ColA1 њColB1ColA2 њColB2ColA3 њColB3ColA4ColB4 Index1ColA1 Ћ@Table1Heading њœџџџdFormula њœџџџdExtra њœџџџdxџџџџœџџџdмOOOOџџџџq@iTable1ColA1 њColB1ColA2 њColB2ColA3 њColB3ColA4ColB4 Index1ColA1 B9№@И%0A5A6A7A8A9A:AЌA­A;B<B>BяB3CC‘C’C“C”C•C–CšC›CœCCžCCCCCŸD DЁDЂDЃDЄDЅDІDDDDDDD,DЇEEЈFЉFF=GGGАHВH HсR2S1T4TЎTБTQAOOOOџџџџO'! Д"Arial$#O'! ›"Arial$#O'! ›"Arial$#Oџџџџk€Д%Э '&Д)—5o В'<А!В#ё м†Pm†ўЁU№Ч“Ѓ<о @ @†"Data.app 0J@iTable1 ColA1 џColB1ColA3ColB3ColA4 2ColB4 @‰.1@•"Data.app @‰ˆ@Table1"Subject: џ œџџџdNotes:џџџџœџџџdSource 2œџџџdє@OOOџџџO'! Д"Arial$#O'! ›"Arial$#Oџџџ+Ameans any instrument mechanism equipment part apparatusappurtenance or accessory including communications equipment that is used orintended to be used in operating or controlling an aircraft in flight isinstalled in or attached to the aircraft and is not part of an airframeengine or propeller.Awith respect to transport category rotorcraft meansmultiengine rotorcraft designed with engine and system isolation featuresspecified in Part 29 and utilizing scheduled takeoff and landing operationsunder a critical engine failure concept which assures adequate designatedsurface area and adequate performance capability for continued safe flight inthe event of engine failure. Awith respect to transport category rotorcraft, means single-engine or multiengine rotorcraft which do not fully meet all Category Astandards. Category B rotorcraft have no guaranteed stay-up ability in theevent of engine failure and unscheduled landing is assumed.#AAs used with respect to the certification ratings privileges andlimitations of airmen means a classification of aircraft within a categoryhaving similar operating characteristics. Examples include: single engine;multiengine; land; water; gyroplane; helicopter; airship; and free balloon.Ameans an airspace of defined dimensions within whichair traffic control service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights inaccordance with the airspace classification Note--Controlled airspace is ageneric term that convers Class A Class B Class C Class D and Class Eairspace.n Examples include: single engine;multiengine; land; water; gyroplane; helicopter; airship; and free balloon.зCmeans: (1) For turbine engine powered airplanes certificatedafter August 29 1959 an area beyond the runway not less than 500 feet widecentrally located about the extended centerline of the runway and under thecontrol of the airport authorities. The clearway is expressed in terms of aclearway plane extending from the end of the runway with an upward slope notexceeding 1.25 percent above which no object nor any terrain protrudes.However threshold lights may protrude above the plane if their height abovethe end of the runway is 26 inches or less and if they are located to eachside of the runway. (2) For turbine engine powered airplanes certificatedafter September 30 1958 but before August 30 1959 an area beyond the takeoffrunway extending no less than 300 feet on either side of the extendedcenterline of the runway at an elevation no higher than the elevation of theend of the runway clear of all fixed obstacles and under the control of theairport authorities.ЕAmeans a person who for compensation or hire engages inthe carriage by aircraft in air commerce of persons or property other than asan air carrier or foreign air carrier or under the authority of Part 375 ofthis title. Where it is doubtful that an operation is for compensation orhire, the test applied is whether the carriage by air is merely incidentalto the person's other business or is in itself a major enterprise for profit.Ameans a rotorcraft whose rotors are normally engine-driven fortakeoff hovering and landing and for forward flight through part of its speedrange and whose means of propulsion consisting usually of conventionalpropellers is independent of the rotor system.}Ameans-- (1) With respect to aircraft otherthan helicopters an operation over water at a horizontal distance of morethan 50 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline; and (2) With respect tohelicopters an operation over water at a horizontal distance of more than 50nautical miles from the nearest shoreline and more than 50 nautical milesfrom an off-shore heliport structure.ёA(1) With respect to materials and parts used to confine fire ina designated fire zone means the capacity to withstand at least as well assteel in dimensions appropriate for the purpose for which they are used theheat produced when there is a severe fire of extended duration in that zone;and (2) With respect to other materials and parts means the capacity towithstand the heat associated with fire at least as well as steel indimensions appropriate for the purpose for which they are used.1Ameans a level of constant atmospheric pressure related to areference datum of 29.92 inches of mercury. Each is stated in three digitsthat represent hundreds of feet. For example flight level 250 represents abarometric altimeter indication of 25,000 feet; flight level 255 anindication of 25,500 feet.лA(1) With respect to sheet or structural members means thecapacity to withstand the heat associated with fire at least as well asaluminum alloy in dimensions appropriate for the purpose for which they areused; and (2) With respect to fluid-carrying lines fluid system parts wiringair ducts fittings and powerplant controls means the capacity to perform theintended functions under the heat and other conditions likely to occur whenthere isa fire at the place concerned.XAmeans: (1) Pilot time that commences when an aircraft movesunder its own power for the purpose of flight and ends when the aircraftcomes to rest after landing; or (2) For a glider without self-launchcapability pilot time that commences when the glider is towed for the purposeof flight and ends when the glider comes to rest after landing.˜Ameans the carriage by aircraft of persons or propertyfor compensation or hire or the carriage of mail by aircraft or the operationor navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance of a business orvocation in commerce between a place in the United States and any placeoutside thereof; whether such commerce moves wholly by aircraft or partly byaircraft and partly by other forms of transportation.UAmeans the carriage by aircraft of persons orproperty as a common carrier for compensation or hire or the carriage of mailby aircraft in commerce between a place in the United States and any placeoutside of the United States whether that commerce moves wholly by aircraftor partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of transportation. Ameans a rotorcraft whose rotors are not engine-driven except forinitial starting but are made to rotate by action of the air when therotorcraft is moving; and whose means of propulsion consisting usually ofconventional propellers is independent of the rotor system.WBmeans the carriage by aircraft of persons orproperty for compensation or hire or the carriage of mail by aircraft or theoperation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance of abusiness or vocation in commerce between a place in any State of the UnitedStates or the District of Columbia and a place in any other State of theUnited States or the District of Columbia; or between places in the sameState of the United States through the airspace over any place outsidethereof; or between places in the same territory or possession of the UnitedStates or the District of Columbia."Bmeans the carriage by aircraft of persons orproperty as a common carrier for compensation or hire or the carriage of mailby aircraft in commerce: (1) Between a place in a State or the District ofColumbia and another place in another State or the District of Columbia; (2)Between places in the same State through the airspace over any place outsidethat State; or (3) Between places in the same possession of the UnitedStates; Whether that commerce moves wholly by aircraft of partly by aircraftand partly by other forms of transportation. AAn electronic navigation unit that isapproved for use under instrument flight rules as a primary means ofnavigation and has at least one source of navigational input such as inertialnavigation system global positioning system Omega/very low frequency or LoranC.jAmeans an alteration not listed in the aircraft aircraftengine or propeller specifications-- (1) That might appreciably affect weightbalance structural strength performance powerplant operation flightcharacteristics or other qualities affecting airworthiness; or (2) That isnot done according to accepted practices or cannot be done by elementaryoperations.ШGџџ*йЁJMajor alteration$j Major repair%0 Manifold pressuremeans absolute pressure as measured at the appropriatepoint in the induction system and usually expressed in inches of mercury.4Maximum speed for stability characteristics VFC/MFC &+ Medical certificateYmeans acceptable evidence of physical fitness on aform prescribed by the Administrator. Military operations area.ьA military operations area (MOA) is airspaceestablished outside Class A airspace to separate or segregate certainnonhazardous military activities from IFR Traffic and to identify for VFRtraffic where theses activities are conducted. Minimum descent altitude§means the lowest altitude expressed in feet abovemean sea level to which descent is authorized on final approach or duringcircle-to-land maneuvering in execution of a standard instrument approachprocedure where no electronic glide slope is provided. Minor alteration3means an alteration other than a major alteration. Minor repair*means a repair other than a major repair. Navigable airspace•means airspace at and above the minimum flightaltitudes prescribed by or under this chapter including airspace needed forsafe takeoff and landing. NightЇmeans the time between the end of evening civil twilight and thebeginning of morning civil twilight as published in the American Air Almanacconverted to local time. Nonprecision approach procedure_means a standard instrument approachprocedure in which no electronic glide slope is provided.Operate,' Operational controlmwith respect to a flight means the exercise ofauthority over initiating conducting or terminating a flight.Overseas air commerce(§Overseas air transportation)ч1Awith respect to reciprocatingturbopropeller and turboshaft engines means the approved brake horsepowerthat is developed statically or in flight in standard atmosphere at aspecified altitude within the engine operating limitations established underPart 33 and approved for unrestricted periods of use.ƒAwith respect to turbojet engine typecertification means the approved jet thrust that is developed statically orin flight in standard atmosphere at a specified altitude without fluidinjection and without the burning of fuel in a separate combustion chamberwithin the engine operating limitations established under Part 33 of thischapter and approved for unrestricted periods of use.рFmeans an aircraft used only for the United StatesGovernment or owned and operated (except for commercial purposes) orexclusively leased for at least 90 continuous days by a government (exceptthe United States Government) including a State the District of Columbia or aterritory or possession of the United States or political subdivision of thatgovernment; but does not include a government-owned aircraft transportingproperty for commercial purposes or transporting passengers other thantransporting (for other than commercial purposes) crewmembers or otherpersons aboard the aircraft whose presence is required to perform or isassociated with the performance of a governmental function such asfirefighting search and rescue law enforcement aeronautical research orbiological or geological resource management; or transporting (for other thancommercial purposes) persons aboard the aircraft if the aircraft is operatedby the Armed Forces or an intelligence agency of the United States. Anaircraft described in the preceding sentence shall notwithstanding anylimitation relating to use of the aircraft for commercial purposes beconsidered to be a public aircraft for the purposes of this Chapter withoutregard to whether the aircraft is operated by a unit of government on behalfof another unit of government pursuant to a cost reimbursement agreementbetween such units of government if the unit of government on whose behalfthe operation is conducted certifies to the Administrator of the FederalAviation Administration that the operation was necessary to respond to asignificant and imminent threat to life or property (including naturalresources) and that no service by a private operator was reasonably availableto meet the threat.Awith respect to turbojet engine typecertification means the approved jet thrust that is developed staticallyunder standard sea level conditions with fluid injection or with the burningof fuel in a separate combustion chamber within the engine operatinglimitations established under Part 33 of this chapter and limited in use toperiods of not over 5 minutes for takeoff operation.HAwith respect to reciprocating turbopropeller andturboshaft engine type certification means the approved brake horsepower thatis developed statically under standard sea level conditions within the engineoperating limitations established under Part 33 and limited in use to periodsof not over 5 minutes for takeoff operation.PAmeans an area beyond the takeoff runway no less wide than the runway and centered upon the extended centerline of the runway able to support the airplane during an aborted takeoff without causing structural damage to the airplane and designated by the airport authorities for use in decelerating the airplane during an aborted takeoff.СE2џџТоA|4НЮ,Iy•&2JfR Over-the-topRmeans above the layer of clouds or other obscuring phenomenaforming the ceiling. Parachutecmeans a device used or intended to be used to retard the fall ofa body or object through the air. PersonЧmeans an individual firm partnership corporation companyassociation joint-stock association or governmental entity. It includes atrustee receiver assignee or similar representative of any of them. Pilotage3means navigation by visual reference to landmarks.Pilot in command+! Pitch settingŸmeans the propeller blade setting as determined by the bladeangle measured in a manner and at a radius specified by the instructionmanual for the propeller. Positive controlTmeans control of all air traffic within designatedairspace by air traffic control. Powered-lift, Precision approach proceduresmeans a standard instrument approachprocedure in which an electronic glide slope is provided such as ILS and PAR. Preventive maintenance…means simple or minor preservation operations andthe replacement of small standard parts not involving complex assemblyoperations. Prohibited area.’A prohibited area is airspace designated under part 73within which no person may operate an aircraft without the permission of theusing agency. Propeller-`Public aircraft.рRated continuous OEI power,/o)Rated maximum continuous augmented thrust0|Rated maximum continuous power,11ˆAwith respect to turbojet engine type certificationmeans the approved jet thrust that is developed statically under standard sealevel conditions without fluid injection and without the burning of fuel in aseparate combustion chamber within the engine operating limitationsestablished under Part 33 of this chapter and limited in use to periods ofnot over 5 minutes for takeoff operation.kAwith respect to rotorcraft turbine enginesmeans the approved brake horsepower developed under static conditions atspecified altitudes and temperatures within the operating limitationsestablished for the engine under Part 33 of this chapter and limited in useto a period of not more than 30 minutes after the failure of one engine of amultiengine rotorcraft.qAwith respect to rotorcraft turbine engines,means the approved brake horsepower developed under static conditions atspecified altitudes and temperatures within the operating limitationsestablished for the engine under Part 33 of this chapter, and limited in useto a period of not more than 2 1/2 minutes after the failure of one engineof a multiengine rotorcraft.эAwith respect to rotorcraft turbine engines,means the approved brake horsepower developed under static conditions atspecified altitudes and temperatures within the operating limitationsestablished for the engine under part 33 of this chapter, for continued one-flight operation after the failure of one engine in multiengine rotorcraft,limited to three periods of use no longer than 30 seconds each in any oneflight and followed by mandatory inspection and prescribed maintenanceaction.шAwith respect to rotorcraft turbine engines meansthe approved brake horsepower developed under static conditions at specifiedaltitudes and temperatures within the operating limitations established forthe engine under part 33 of this chapter for continued one-flight operationafter the failure of one engine in multiengine rotorcraft limited to threeperiods of use no longer than 2 minutes each in any one flight and followedby mandatory inspection and prescribed maintenance action.oCmeans the combination of a rotorcraft and anexternal-load including the external-load attaching means. Rotorcraft-loadcombinations are designated as Class A Class B Class C and Class D asfollows: (1) Class A rotorcraft-load combination,means one in which theexternal load cannot move freely cannot be jettisoned and does not extendbelow the landing gear. (2) Class B rotorcraft-load combination means one inwhich the external load is jettisonable and is lifted free of land or waterduring the rotorcraft operation. (3) Class C rotorcraft-load combination means one in which the external load is jettisonable and remains in contactwith land or water during the rotorcraft operation. (4) Class Drotorcraft-load combination means one in which the external- load is otherthan a Class A B or C and has been specifically approved by the Administratorfor that operation.ЮB(1) With respect to reciprocating engines means the brakehorsepower that is developed under standard sea level conditions and underthe maximum conditions of crankshaft rotational speed and engine manifoldpressure approved for the normal takeoff and limited in continuous use to theperiod of time shown in the approved engine specification; and (2) Withrespect to turbine engines means the brake horsepower that is developed understatic conditions at a specified altitude and atmospheric temperature andunder the maximum conditions of rotor shaft rotational speed and gastemperature approved for the normal takeoff and limited in continuous use tothe period of time shown in the approved engine specification.bAwith respect to turbine engines means the jet thrust thatis developed under static conditions at a specific altitude and atmospherictemperature under the maximum conditions of rotorshaft rotational speed andgas temperature approved for the normal takeoff and limited in continuous useto the period of time shown in the approved engine specification.єE<џџRP:Ю Takeoff safety speed„means a referenced airspeed obtained after lift-offat which the required one-engine-inoperative climb performance can beachieved.Takeoff thrust?b Tandem wingXconfiguration means a configuration having two wings ofsimilar span mounted in tandem. Time in serviceІwith respect to maintenance time records means the timefrom the moment an aircraft leaves the surface of the earth until it touchesit at the next point of landing. True airspeedŽmeans the airspeed of an aircraft relative to undisturbedair. True airspeed is equal to equivalent airspeed multiplied by(0/)1/2. Traffic patternlmeans the traffic flow that is prescribed for aircraftlanding at taxiing on or taking off from an airport.Type@Ј>Ameans interstate overseas or foreign air commerce or the transportation of mail by aircraft or any operation or navigation of aircraft within the limits of any Federal airway or any operation or navigation of aircraft which directly affects or which may endanger safety in interstate overseas or foreign air commerce.@ џџФш,Њm…eЁ ђ}%№Сњ Administratorwmeans the Federal Aviation Administrator or any person to whom he has delegated his authority in the matter concerned. Aerodynamic coefficientsGmeans non-dimensional coefficients foraerodynamic forces and moments. Air carrierfmeans a person who undertakes directly by lease or other arrangement to engage in air transportation. Air commerce > AircraftJmeans a device that is used or intended to be used for flight in the air. Aircraft engineЩmeans an engine that is used or intended to be used forpropelling aircraft. It includes turbosuperchargers appurtenances andaccessories necessary for its functioning but does not include propellers. Airframeжmeans the fuselage booms nacelles cowlings fairings airfoilsurfaces (including rotors but excluding propellers and rotating airfoils ofengines) and landing gear of an aircraft and their accessories and controls. AirplaneŽmeans an engine-driven fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air thatis supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its wings. AirportžmeanpФs an area of land or water that is used or intended to be usedfor the landing and takeoff of aircraft and includes its buildings andfacilities if any. AirshipFmeans an engine-driven lighter-than-air aircraft that can besteered. Air traffickmeans aircraft operating in the air or on an airport surfaceexclusive of loading ramps and parking areas. Air traffic clearanceЧmeans an authorization by air traffic control forthe purpose of preventing collision between known aircraft for an aircraft toproceed under specified traffic conditions within controlled airspace. Air traffic controlsmeans a service operated by appropriate authority topromote the safe orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic. Air transportationcmeans interstate overseas or foreign air transportationor the transportation of mail by aircraft. Alert AreaЃAn alert area is established to inform pilots of a specificarea wherein a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type ofaeronautical activity is conducted. Alternate airportimeans an airport at which an aircraft may land if alanding at the intended airport becomes inadvisable.?I џџi&К‘еea uю Qq* Altitude engineˆmeans a reciprocating aircraft engine having a ratedtakeoff power that is producible from sea level to an established higheraltitude. Appliance + ApprovedRunless used with reference to another person means approved bythe Administrator. Area navigation (RNAV)Ыmeans a method of navigation that permits aircraftoperations on any desired course within the coverage of station-referencednavigation signals or within the limits of self-contained system capability. Area navigation low route™means an area navigation route within theairspace extending upward from 1,200 feet above the surface of the earth tobut not including 18,000 feet MSL. Area navigation high route|means an area navigation route within theairspace extending upward from and including 18,000 feet MSL to flight level450. Armed Forces˜means the Army Navy Air Force Marine Corps and Coast Guardincluding their regular and reserve components and members serving withoutcomponent status. Autorotation‰means a rotorcraft flight condition in which the liftingrotor is driven entirely by action of the air when the rotorcraft is inmotion. Auxiliary rotorАmeans a rotor that serves either to counteract the effectof the main rotor torque on a rotorcraft or to maneuver the rotorcraft aboutone or more of its three principal axes. Balloon“means a lighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine driven andthat sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy or an airborneheater. Brake horsepowerdmeans the power delivered at the propeller shaft (maindrive or main output) of an aircraft engine. Calibrated airspeedЌmeans the indicated airspeed of an aircraft correctedfor position and instrument error. Calibrated airspeed is equal to trueairspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level. Canard‹means the forward wing of a canard configuration and may be a fixedmovable or variable geometry surface with or without control surfaces. Canard|configuration means a configuration in which the span of theforward wing is substantially less than that of the main wing.- Category (1)ЫAs used with respect to the certification ratings privileges and limitations of airmen means a broad classification of aircraft. Examplesinclude: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; and lighter-than-air; and, Category A, 7Hџџ(ЩхUв=x&й$::ѕА Category B  Category II operationsйwith respect to the operation of aircraft means astraight-in ILS approach to the runway of an airport under a Category II ILSinstrument approach procedure issued by the Administrator or otherappropriate authority. Category III operations,оwith respect to the operation of aircraft meansan ILS approach to and landing on the runway of an airport using a CategoryIII ILS instrument approach procedure issued by the Administrator or otherappropriate authority. Category IIIa operationsЅan ILS approach and landing with no decisionheight (DH) or a DH below 100 feet (30 meters) and controlling runway visualrange not less than 700 feet (200 meters). Category IIIb operationsКan ILS approach and landing with no DH or with aDH below 50 feet (15 meters) and controlling runway visual range less than700 feet (200 meters) but not less than 150 feet (50 meters). Category IIIc operationsNan ILS approach and landing with no DH and norunway visual range limitation. CeilingХmeans the height above the earth's surface of the lowest layer ofclouds or obscuring phenomena that is reported as 'broken' 'overcast' or'obscuration' and not classified as 'thin','or 'partial'. Civil aircraft+means aircraft other than public aircraft. Class (1)# Class (2)ъAs used with respect to the certification of aircraft means a broad grouping of aircraft having similar characteristics of propulsionflight or landing. Examples include: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; balloon; landplane; and seaplaneClearwayз Climbout speed,•with respect to rotorcraft means a referenced airspeedwhich results in a flight path clear of the height-velocity envelope duringinitial climbout.Commercial operatorЕControlled airspace Controlled Firing Area.ЃA controlled firing area is established to contain activities which if not conducted in a controlled environment would behazardous to non participating aircraft. CrewmemberKmeans a person assigned to perform duty in an aircraft during flight time.zBmeans the maximum altitude at which in standard atmosphere it is possible to maintain at a specified rotational speed aspecified power or a specified manifold pressure. Unless otherwise stated thecritical altitude is the maximum altitude at which it is possible to maintain at the maximum continuous rotational speed one of the following: (1) The maximum continuous power in the case of engines for which this power rating is the same at sea level and at the rated altitude. (2) The maximum continuous rated manifold pressure in the case of engines the maximum continuous power of which is governed by a constant manifold pressure.іFџџ6 eNД&0MФк–є,YCritical altitudez Critical engineqmeans the engine whose failure would most adversely affectthe performance or handling qualities of an aircraft. Decision height,Цwith respect to the operation of aircraft means theheight at which a decision must be made during an ILS or PAR instrumentapproach to either continue the approach or to execute a missed approach. Equivalent airspeedЭmeans the calibrated airspeed of an aircraft correctedfor adiabatic compressible flow for the particular altitude. Equivalentairspeed is equal to calibrated airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level.Extended over-water operation} External loadJmeans a load that is carried or extends outside of theaircraft fuselage. External-load attaching meansсmeans the structural components used toattach an external load to an aircraft including external-load containers thebackup structure at the attachment points and any quick-release device usedto jettison the external load. FireproofёFire resistantл Flame resistantmeans not susceptible to combustion to the point ofpropagating a flame beyond safe limits after the ignition source is removed. FlammableVwith respect to a fluid or gas means susceptible to ignitingreadily or to exploding. Flap extended speedWmeans the highest speed permissible with wing flaps ina prescribed extended position. Flash resistant9means not susceptible to burning violently when ignited. Flightcrew memberfmeans a pilot flight engineer or flight navigatorassigned to duty in an aircraft during flight time. Flight level1 Flight planˆmeans specified information relating to the intended flight ofan aircraft that is filed orally or in writing with air traffic control.uAA warning area is airspace of defined dimensions, extending from 3 nautical miles outward from the coast of the United States, that contains activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. The purpose of such warning areas is to warn nonparticipating pilots of the potential danger. A warning area may be located over domestic orinternational waters or both.ЎBёeЕ, United StatesЌin a geographical sense means (1) the States the District ofColumbia Puerto Rico and the possessions including the territorial waters and(2) the airspace of those areas. United States air carrier}means a citizen of the United States whoundertakes directly by lease or other arrangement, to engage in airtransportation. VFR over-the-topšwith respect to the operation of aircraft, means theoperation of an aircraft over-the-top under VFR when it is not being operatedon an IFR flight plan. Warning areaBu Winglet or tip finrmeans an out-of-plane surface extending from a lifting surface. The surface may or may not have control surfaces.VB&З{ rЖ@wzr„6cГфђЈ h˜ь•=МтЏ"ПГ8 H/r–j@Ђ и) +7,I-ј7Uс9;<J{=ь>MGБj€HчPjRЩZS\Р]3_"a cQsДS}fMiЇpз `ŸPm†ўЁU”Xo% @ @†"Data.app@‰.1B 00102030405060708091Д@iTable1ColA11 ColB11ColA12 dColB12ColA13 dColB13ColA15 dColB15ColA16 dColB16ColA17 dColB17ColA18 dColB18 Index1ColA11 PA Table1Drill œџџџd6Inherent Risk dœџџџdBRisk to Aircraft dœџџџdFRisk to Occupants dœџџџd^Spill or Leak Procedure dœџџџd^Fire Fighting procedure dœџџџdfAdditional Considerations dœџџџd~A   OOOOOOOџџџџџџџ   OOOOOOOџџџџџџџ @:@  aHC€HCsLџЁЉЭБe5хѕU01&Explosion may cause structural FailureFire and/or explosion#As indicated by the drill letter(s)Use 100% oxygen; no smokingAAll agentsaccording to availability; use standard fire procedure#Possible abrupt losspressurizationU024Gas non-flammable pressure may create hazard in fireMinimal#As indicated by the drill letter(s)\Use 100% oxygen;establish and maintain maximum ventilation for 'A'- 'i' or 'P' drillletter?Al agents according to availability use standard fire procedure&Possible abrupt loss of pressurizationU03Flammable liquid or solidFire and/ explosion:Smoke fumes and heat as indicated by the drill letter(s)ZUse 100% oxygen; establish and maintain maximum ventilation; no smoking; minimum electricsBAll agents according to availability; no water on 'W' drill letter&Possible abrupt loss of pressurizationU04Smoke fumes and heat and as indicated by the drillletter(s)€ 7юП э?Ю5Pm†ўЁUш)•ф @ @†"Data.app @”(!@‰.12 Œ@Table1FIR: 2œџџџd"Country: <œџџџd2Log on Code: œџџџdІ@OOOџџџOOOџџџK@iTable1 ColA4 2ColB4ColA5 <ColB5ColA6 ColB6 rA џџ(6.(2((@((*4 &$* AnchorageUSAPAZAAuckland New ZealandNZZOBangkokThailandVTBBBeijingChinaZBPEBrisbane AustraliaYBBBChengduChinaZUUUGanderCanadaCZQZ Johannesburg South AfricaFAJOKolkataIndiaVECCKunmingChinaZPPPMagadanRussiaGDXB Melbourne AustraliaYMMMNadiFijiNFFNNew YorkUSAKZWYOaklandUSAKZAKPapeeteTahitiNTTTd@4$6& Singapore SingaporeWSJCTokyoJapanRJTG Ulan BataarMongoliaZMUAUrumqiChinaZWWW9€ †г5 PоG[@O&€џџџф   џџџ!@‰.12 >€ †г )PоGшPm†ўЁU’&@Шy @ @†"DATA.APP 0[@iTable1ColA1 њColB1ColA2 њColB2ColA3 њColB3ColA4ColB4  @=@‰.AVery high waves with long overhanging crests resulting foam is blown in great patches dense streaks along the wind direction on the whole the surface of the sea takes on a white apearance the tumbling of the sea becomes heavy & shock like viz affected (Wave Ht 9 - 12.5m)нJџФ]…ЩЙѕЅ1Aю9yе0 (Calm)1 less than Kt ( average )Smoke rises vertically"Sea is like a mirror (Wave Ht 0m)е 1 (Light Air)1 - 3 Kt (2 average ) Direction of wind shown by smokeWRipples with the appearance of scales are formed but without foam crest (Wave Ht 0.1m)е2 (Light Breeze)4 - 6 Kt (5 average );Wind felt on face leaves rustle orginary vane moved by windpSmall wavelets stil short more pronounced crests have a glassy appearance and do not break (Wave Ht 0.2 - 0.3m)е3 (Gentle Breeze)7 - 10 Kt (9 average )BLeaves and small twigs in constant motion wind exteends light flagqLarge wavelets crests begin to break foam of glassy appearance perhaps scattered white horses (Wave Ht 0.6 - 1m)е4 (Moderage Breeze)11 - 16 Kt (14 average )4Raises dust and loose paper small branches are movedLSmall waves becoming longer fairly frequent white horses (Wave Ht 1 - 1.5m)е5 (Fresh Breeze)17 - 21 Kt (19 average )HSmall trees in leaf begin to sway crested wavelets form on inland waterswModerate waves taking a more pronounced long form many white horses are formed chance of some spray (Wave Ht 2 - 2.5m)е6 (Strong Breeze)22 - 27 Kt (25 average )ZLarge branches in motion whistling heard in telephone wires umbrellas used with difficultysLarge waves begin to form the white foam crests are more extensive everywhere probably some spray (Wave Ht 3 - 4m)е 7 (Near Gale)28 - 33 Kt (31 average )@Whole trees in motion inconvenience felt in walking against wind}Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking waves begins to blow in streaks along the direction of the wind (Wave Ht 4 - 5.5m)е8 (Gale)34 - 40 Kt (37 average )1Breaks twigs off trees generally impedes progressДModerately high waves of greater length edges of crests begin to break into spindrift the foam is blown in well marked streaks along the direction of the wind (Wave Ht 5.5 - 7.5m)е9 (Strong Gale)41 - 47 Kt (44 average )>Slight structural damage occurs to roofing shingles TV atennaeЄHigh Waves dense streaks of foam along the direction of the wind crests of waves begin to topple tumble and roll over Spray may affect visibility (Wave Ht 7 - 10m)U 10 (Storm)48 - 55 Kt (52 average )GSeldom experianced inland trees uprooted considerable structural damageе11 (Violent Storm)56 - 63 Kt (60 average )9Very rarely experianced accompanied by wide spread damageфExceptionally high waves Small & medium sized shipsmight be lost to view behind waves Sea completely covered with long patches of foam in wind direction edges of wavecrests are blown into froth Viz affected (Wave Ht 11.5 - 16m)Х12 (Hurricane)63 above Kt ( average )rThe air is filled with foam & spray Sea completely white with driving spray Viz seriously affected (Wave Ht +16m)@‰.1 Ѓ@Table1Scale њœџџџdSpeed њœџџџdLand њœџџџdSeaџџџџœџџџdм@OOOOџџџџOOOOџџџџ>€ &Зƒ Б ’Ѕ– V Pm†ўЁUЌЎ RСХK @†"Data.app@7@ @Y50KA џџ.2D&&" . 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